Nutrition & Metabolism PDF

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Chapter 25: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation Multiple Choice 1. Nutrition includes the study of A) the nutrients in foods. B) the body's utilization of nutrients. C) how nutrients play a role in your body's health. D) digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients. E) all of the above Answer: e Level: 1 2. Which of the following are energy nutrients? A) carbohydrates, proteins, and fat B) proteins, water, and minerals C) fats, minerals, and vitamins D) vitamins, fats, and carbohydrates E) water, minerals, vitamins Answer: a Level: 2 3. Essential nutrients A) are important in the diet but not necessary for life. B) are the only nutrients required by the body. C) cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body. D) are needed to make food taste good. E) are manufactured by the body. Answer: c Level: 1 4. A food guide pyramid suggests that A) you eat as many sweets as you want. B) your diet should contain a variety of foods. C) meats are the most important part of your diet. D) milk and cheese should be the main part of your diet. E) you should only eat one or two servings of bread, cereal, rice, pasta per day. Answer: b Level: 1 5. A kilocalorie (kcal) is a measure of the A) protein content of food. B) acidity of food. C) fat content of food. D) energy content of food. E) heat content of food. Answer: d Level: 1 6. One gram of carbohydrate, one gram of fat, and one gram of protein yield ____, ____, and ____ kilocalories respectively. A) 4, 4, 4 B) 9, 9, 9

C) 4, 9, 4 D) 4, 9, 9 E) 9, 9, 4 Answer: c Level: 1 7. Starches and sugars are examples of A) carbohydrates. B) lipids. C) proteins. D) vitamins. E) minerals. Answer: a Level: 1 8. Complex carbohydrates include A) glucose and fructose. B) maltose and sucrose. C) starch, glycogen, and cellulose. D) cellulose and glucose. E) glucose and lactose. Answer: c Level: 1 9. Which of the following statements is true? A) The primary role of carbohydrates is to serve as an energy source. B) Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and amino acids. C) Maltose is a complex carbohydrate. D) Sucrose is the primary source of energy for most cells. E) Most carbohydrates come from animal products. Answer: a Level: 1 10. Carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood stream as A) disaccharides. B) monosaccharides. C) oligosaccharides. D) polysaccharides. E) glycoproteins. Answer: b Level: 1 11. The primary source of energy for most cells is A) sucrose. B) fructose. C) glucose. D) maltose. E) lactose. Answer: c Level: 1 12.

The most common monosaccharides in the diet are

A) glucose and fructose. B) galactose and fructose. C) glucose and glycerol. D) glycogen and glucose. E) lactose and maltose. Answer: a Level: 1 13. Excess glucose is stored as ___________. A) glucagon. B) sucrose. C) glycogen. D) galactose. E) glycoprotein. Answer: c Level: 2 14. Which of the following organs can store glycogen? A) spleen and pancreas B) kidney and adrenal gland C) large and small intestines D) liver and muscles E) stomach and pancreas Answer: d Level: 1 15. Which of the following statements regarding cellulose is true? A) Cellulose can be digested by human digestive enzymes. B) Cellulose provides fiber or "roughage.” C) Cellulose is another name for glucose. D) Cellulose is one of the units of a sucrose molecule. E) Cellulose is a source of energy. Answer: b Level: 1 16. If your daily diet is deficient in carbohydrates, the result might be A) obesity. B) increased subcutaneous fat. C) decrease of muscle mass. D) constipation. E) sensation of thirst. Answer: c Level: 2 17. A compound composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule would be a A) monoglyceride. B) diglyceride. C) triglyceride. D) phospholipid. E) cholesterol. Answer: c Level: 2

18. If the fatty acid portion of a fat molecule has ten double covalent bonds, the fat is said to be A) hydrogenated. B) polyunsaturated. C) monounsaturated. D) saturated. E) disaturated. Answer: b Level: 2 19. Olive and peanut oils are both A) solid fats. B) polyunsaturated fats. C) monounsaturated fats. D) fatty acids. E) hydrogenated. Answer: c Level: 1 20. Polyunsaturated vegetable oils can be changed from liquids to solids by A) adding more unsaturated fatty acids to the molecules. B) removing the glycerol portion of the molecules. C) decreasing the number of double covalent bonds in their fatty acids. D) removing hydrogens from the molecules. E) none of the above Answer: c Level: 2 21. Phospholipids A) are found in cell membranes. B) are used as an energy source by cells. C) can be modified to form cholesterol. D) are involved in the process of inflammation. E) are found in organelle membranes. Answer: a Level: 2 22. About 95% of the lipids in the human diet are A) cholesterol derivatives. B) lecithins. C) triglycerides. D) starches and other complex polysaccharides. E) phospholipids. Answer: c Level: 1 23. A) B) C) D) E)

Cholesterol must be obtained from plants. can be manufactured by most tissues. is a hormone. is necessary for blood clotting. has no constructive function in the body.

Answer: b Level: 1 24. A student's dietary intake includes 100 grams of fat and a total of 2000 kilocalories. What percentage of the total kilocalories in this student's diet comes from fat? A) 10% B) 20% C) 37% D) 45% E) 50% Answer: d Level: 3 25. Excess triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue functions A) to assist the body in temperature homeostasis. B) pads and protects. C) energy storage. D) insulates. E) all of the above Answer: e Level: 1 26. Which of the following is an essential fatty acid? A) lecithin B) linoleic acid C) stearic acid D) butyric acid E) hydrochloric acid Answer: b Level: 1 27. Eicosanoids are involved in A) inflammation. B) blood clotting. C) tissue repair. D) smooth muscle contraction. E) all of the above Answer: e Level: 2 28. An essential amino acid A) can be formed from fats in the body. B) can be synthesized by the body if there is enough nitrogen. C) must be made from glucose. D) must be supplied in the diet. E) can not be converted to nonessential amino acids. Answer: d Level: 1 29. A) B)

Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by acting as buffers. releasing nitrogen.

C) transporting iron. D) binding sodium ions. E) removing carbon dioxide from the blood. Answer: a Level: 2 30. Which of the following recommendations regarding daily requirements is correct? A) Fats should account for 45% of total caloric intake. B) Carbohydrate intake should be around 500 grams daily. C) Protein consumption should be 0.8 gram per kilogram of body weight. D) Cholesterol intake should be about 300 milligrams per day. E) Protein consumption should be about 25% of total kilocalorie intake. Answer: c Level: 1 31. A food that contains all nine essential amino acids is called a(n) A) plasma protein. B) incomplete protein. C) complete protein. D) intracellular protein. E) adequate protein. Answer: c Level: 1 32. An example of an incomplete protein food is A) eggs. B) meat. C) milk. D) leafy green vegetables. E) cheese Answer: d Level: 1 33. Proteins that function in immunity include A) enzymes. B) antibodies. C) hormones. D) collagens. E) fibrin. Answer: b Level: 2 34. Functions of proteins include A) providing structural strength in connective tissue. B) serving as a part of the cholesterol molecule. C) serving as the primary energy source of cells. D) transport of nitrogen gas in the blood. E) padding and insulation. Answer: a Level: 2 35.

Water-soluble vitamins include

A) vitamin A. B) vitamin C. C) vitamin D. D) vitamin K. E) vitamin E. Answer: b Level: 2 36. Which of the following individuals is most likely to be in a negative nitrogen balance? A) a healthy pregnant woman B) a 10-year-old child C) an adult woman with adequate protein intake D) an elderly homeless man. E) a healthy adult man who exercises Answer: d Level: 3 37. Fat soluble vitamins can be toxic in large doses because they A) do not dissolve in water. B) can be stored and accumulate in body tissues. C) are rapidly excreted. D) release free radicals. E) are flushed out of the body. Answer: b Level: 1 38. Excessive bleeding due to slowed blood clotting is a symptom of vitamin _____ deficiency. A) A B) D C) E D) K E) C Answer: d Level: 1 39. Vitamin E and vitamin C A) both release free radicals. B) are needed in RBC production. C) are both antioxidants. D) are formed from provitamins. E) are required for blood clotting. Answer: c Level: 1 40. Which of the following vitamins is mismatched with its function? A) vitamin D - bone growth B) vitamin A - rhodopsin synthesis C) folate - synthesis of clotting factors D) vitamin C - collagen synthesis E) vitamin B12 - red blood cell production Answer: c Level: 1

41. What would happen to a vitamin if its chemical structure is destroyed by catabolism? A) It could be recycled. B) It would become nonfunctional. C) It becomes a provitamin. D) It becomes a coenzyme. E) Nothing; this in normal. Answer: b Level: 2 42. Minerals A) are organic nutrients. B) can be manufactured by the body if the diet does not supply enough. C) can serve as buffers and components of enzymes. D) are found in high concentrations in refined cereals and breads. E) are not necessary for normal metabolic function. Answer: c Level: 2 43. Which of the following minerals is important in acid-base balance? A) calcium B) chlorine C) iron D) manganese E) sodium Answer: b Level: 1 44. Which of the following minerals is part of the hemoglobin molecule? A) calcium B) iodine C) iron D) zinc E) fluorine Answer: c Level: 1 45. Which of the following minerals is mismatched with its function? A) calcium - bone formation B) zinc - hemoglobin synthesis C) potassium - muscle and nerve function D) cobalt - erythrocyte production E) selenium - component of many enzymes Answer: b Level: 1 46. A) B) C) D) E)

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body is known as absorption. metabolism. digestion. catabolism. anabolism

Answer: b Level: 1 47. Which of the following statements is true? A) Catabolic reactions are synthesis reactions. B) Anabolic reactions are involved in the production of proteins from amino acids. C) The energy derived from anabolism is used to drive catabolism. D) Anabolic reactions release energy. E) Catabolic reactions consume energy. Answer: b Level: 2 48. The digestion of complex carbohydrates is an example of A) anabolism. B) catabolism. C) absorption. D) excretion. E) metabolism. Answer: b Level: 2 49. The production of protein by cells is an example of A) anabolism. B) catabolism. C) glycolysis. D) phosphorylation. E) decomposition. Answer: a Level: 2 50. The energy currency of the cell is a molecule called A) glucose. B) pyruvate. C) fat. D) ADP. E) ATP. Answer: e Level: 1 51. High ATP concentrations would be found in A) active cells. B) resting cells. C) exhausted cells. D) dead cells. E) none of the above Answer: b Level: 2 52. A) B) C)

Glycolysis is best defined as the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. glucose to two of pyruvic acid molecules. pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water.

D) glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate. E) glucose to glycogen. Answer: b Level: 1 53. Which of the following steps in glycolysis occurs last? A) oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate B) production of ATP from phosphoenolpyruvic acid C) phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate D) cleavage of fructose 1, 6 diphosphate E) input of 2 ATP molecules Answer: b Level: 2 54. In glycolysis, A) NAD+ is reduced to form NADH. B) more energy is used than produced. C) glucose is formed as an end product. D) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is used as an enzyme. E) oxygen must be present for it to start. Answer: a Level: 2 55. When glucose is metabolized in the absence of oxygen, one of the end products is A) pyruvic acid. B) ketone bodies. C) lactic acid. D) citric acid. E) nitric acid. Answer: c Level: 1 56. One difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration is that A) anaerobic respiration utilizes the citric acid cycle but aerobic respiration does not. B) aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration. C) anaerobic respiration takes place inside cells while aerobic respiration takes place in the plasma. D) aerobic respiration does not require oxygen. E) aerobic respiration takes place after anaerobic respiration. Answer: b Level: 1 57. A series of metabolic reactions in the liver that converts lactic acid into glucose is called A) the electron transport system. B) the Cori cycle. C) the citric acid cycle. D) beta oxidation. E) sugar cleavage. Answer: b Level: 1 58. A)

The citric acid cycle begins by combining carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid.

B) pyruvic acid and acetic acid to form acetoacetic acid. C) pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide to form lactic acid. D) oxaloacetic acid and acetyl-CoA to form citric acid. E) pyruvic acid and citric acid. Answer: d Level: 1 59. Which of the following is the correct sequence? A) acetyl-CoA formation, glycolysis, electron-transport chain, citric acid cycle B) acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis C) citric acid cycle, glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, electron transport chain D) glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain E) glycolysis, citric acid cycle, acetyl-CoA formation, electron transport chain Answer: d Level: 2 60. Which of the following statements about the citric acid cycle is false? A) The process occurs in the mitochondria. B) The major end product of the cycle is lactic acid. C) At several steps, NADH molecules are formed. D) Carbon dioxide is produced at several steps in the cycle. E) Water is formed at the end of the chain. Answer: b Level: 2 61. The result of five turns of the citric acid cycle would be A) 5 ATP, 5 NADH, 5 FADH2, 5 carbon dioxide. B) 5 ATP, 15 NADH, 5 FADH2, 10 carbon dioxide. C) 10 ATP, 30 NADH, 10 FADH2, 20 carbon dioxide. D) 10 ATP, 10 NADH, 5 FADH2, 10 carbon dioxide. E) 15 ATP, 15 NADH, 15 FADH2, 15 carbon dioxide Answer: b Level: 3 62. The mitochondria are the sites of A) glycolysis. B) the citric acid cycle. C) anaerobic respiration. D) lactic acid formation. E) all of the above Answer: b Level: 1 63. The electron transport chain A) results in the formation of ATP. B) converts acetate to ketone bodies. C) converts glucose to fatty acids. D) converts fatty acids to glucose. E) removes a phosphate from ATP. Answer: a Level: 1

64. If oxygen is present, how many molecules (net) of ATP are produced by the oxidation of one molecule of glucose? A) 4 B) 18 C) 32 D) 38 E) 40 Answer: d Level: 1 65. A molecule that moves electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain is A) pyruvic acid. B) CO2. C) ADP. D) NADH. E) H2O. Answer: d Level: 2 66. Each NADH molecule fed into the electron transport chain produces _____ ATPs. A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 E) 6 Answer: b Level: 2 67. Which of the following statements is true? A) Hydrogen ions are pumped across the cell membrane. B) Electrons pass from one electron carrier to another in the electron transport chain. C) Water serves as the final electron acceptor. D) Chemiosmosis forms carbon dioxide. E) The chemiosmosis model refers to movement of water. Answer: b Level: 1 68. The name of the process that couples the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane to ATP production is the A) citric acid cycle. B) glycolytic pathway. C) chemiosmotic model. D) Cori cycle. E) hydrosmotic model. Answer: c Level: 2 69. A) B) C) D)

Which of the following events occurs last? Hydrogen ions diffuse into inner mitochondrial compartment. Hydrogen ions are moved from inner to outer mitochondrial compartment. The movement of hydrogen ions through special channels is coupled to ATP production. A hydrogen ion concentration gradient is established.

E) NADH transfer electrons to the electron-transport chain. Answer: c Level: 2 70. The body's main energy storage molecules are A) sugars. B) proteins. C) lipids. D) vitamins. E) carbohydrates. Answer: c Level: 1 71. The correct sequence of events that occurs when fatty acids are used to generate ATP is A) beta oxidation, electron transport chain, deamination. B) electron transport chain, beta oxidation, glycolysis. C) beta oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain. D) glycolysis, beta oxidation, citric acid cycle. E) citric acid cycle, glycolysis, beta oxidation Answer: c Level: 2 72. Beta oxidation results in the formation of A) pyruvate. B) acetyl CoA. C) carbon monoxide. D) oxaloacetate. E) ketone bodies. Answer: b Level: 1 73. Acetyl CoA A) can enter the electron transport system directly. B) is a by product of glycolysis. C) might be used in ketogenesis. D) is needed to start oxidative deamination. E) is converted to pyruvic acid. Answer: c Level: 1 74. The formation of triglycerides is called A) glycogenesis. B) lipogenesis. C) gluconeogenesis. D) ketogenesis. E) beta-oxidation. Answer: b Level: 1 75. A) B)

Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called glycolysis. lipogenesis.

C) beta oxidation. D) gluconeogenesis. E) ketogenesis. Answer: c Level: 1 76. The presence of ketone bodies in the urine indicates increased metabolism of A) amino acids. B) lactic acids. C) fatty acids. D) nucleic acids. E) citric acids. Answer: c Level: 2 77. Slim N. Trim has been on a low-fat, no carbohydrate diet for two months. Which of the following would you expect to find in large quantities in the urine? A) glucose B) lactic acid C) pyruvic acid D) ketone bodies E) proteins Answer: d Level: 3 78. Amino acids can be used as a source of energy A) by converting them into nucleic acids. B) by subjecting them to oxidative deamination. C) in the process of transamination. D) by converting them to ethanol. E) and can be stored in the body. Answer: b Level: 1 79. Transamination A) results in free fatty acids. B) requires glucose. C) can be used to synthesize essential amino acids. D) involves moving an amine group. E) produces ammonia. Answer: d Level: 1 80. Oxidative deamination is a chemical process in which A) protein is synthesized. B) amino acids are buffered in the kidney. C) the amine group is removed from an amino acid. D) fatty acids are broken down to yield acetyl CoA. E) glutamic acid is produced. Answer: c Level: 1

81. When the amine (NH2) group is stripped off of an amino acid, this amine group is converted to A) lactic acid. B) glucose. C) ammonia. D) glycerol. E) urea. Answer: c Level: 2 82. Arrange the following in correct sequence: 1. Ammonia is converted to urea in the liver. 2. Oxidative deamination of an amino acid. 3. Urea is eliminated by the kidney. 4. Ammonia and keto acids are formed. A) 1, 3, 4, 2 B) 2, 4, 1, 3 C) 3, 1, 4, 2 D) 4, 1, 3, 2 E) 2, 3, 1, 4 Answer: b Level: 2 83. The formation of glycogen from glucose is called _____. A) glycolysis B) glycogenesis C) glycogenolysis D) gluconeogenesis E) glucogenesis Answer: b Level: 1 84. The process that uses amino acids and glycerol to form glucose is A) ketogenesis. B) glycogenesis. C) lipogenesis. D) gluconeogenesis. E) glycolysis. Answer: d Level: 1 85. Glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids can be metabolized within the cell to liberate _____. A) oxygen B) energy C) carbon dioxide D) hydrogen E) nitrogen Answer: b Level: 1 86. A) B)

There is a need for glucose in the body. Which of the following reactions will yield glucose? beta oxidation glycogenolysis

C) glycolysis D) deamination E) glucogenesis. Answer: b Level: 2 87. Why is it important that glucose be converted to glucose-6-phosphate once glucose enters a cell? A) This form is easier for cells to metabolize. B) Glucose can't diffuse out of the cell if it is in this form. C) The cells can easily excrete this molecule. D) It becomes a long-term storage molecule for glucose. E) It can now cross the plasma membrane. Answer: b Level: 1 88. Which of the following events takes place during the absorptive state? A) Protein is converted into glucose in the process of deamination. B) Glucose is converted into energy, glycogen, or fats. C) Ketones are produced from ...