Nutrition study guide for first year PDF

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Study guide for nutrition first year...

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) When we don't consume enough carbohydrate, what substances does the body produce as an alternative fuel? A) amyloses B) ketones C) bacteria D) amylases Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 2) When fructose and glucose are bonded together, they form A) galactose. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)

B) sucrose.

C) lactose.

D) maltose.

3) Aspartame cannot be used to prepare cooked foods because A) heat destroys its flavor. B) once it is heated, the body cannot metabolize it. C) its amino acids form ketones. D) its glycemic load becomes too high. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 4) Foods in which nutrients are added that did not originally exist in that food are known as A) organic. C) fortified. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)

B) genetically modified. D) enriched.

5) 6) Ketoacidosis can result in A) increased storage of glycogen in muscles B) an increase in appetite. C) muscle growth. D) coma and death. 1

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Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 7) Which of the following is associated with the development of ketosis? A) a diet that contains too much fat B) a diet that contains too much carbohydrate C) a diet that contains insufficient fat D) a diet that contains insufficient carbohydrate Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 7) The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine regulate blood glucose levels by A) stimulating the liver to store glycogen. B) inhibiting gluconeogenesis. C) assisting transport of glucose into cells. D) triggering glycogen breakdown in the liver. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 8) Which of the following is NOT a health problem related to eating too much sugar? A) diabetes B) obesity C) tooth decay D) hyperactivity in children Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 9) After a meal, which hormone is responsible for moving glucose into the body's cells? A) glucagon B) CCK C) insulin D) estrogen Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 10) Which of the following are substances in plant foods that are NOT absorbed by the body? A) disaccharides Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)

B) simple sugars

C) dietary fiber

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D) starch

11) Which of the following is a simple carbohydrate? A) glycogen B) cellulose C) galactose pectin Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 12) The insoluble fiber that provides the main structural component of plant cell walls is A) cellulose. B) pectin. C) mucilage. D) lignin. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 13) Which of the following hormones is released when your blood sugar rises? A) glucagon B) insulin C) CCK D) estrogen Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 14) In the diet, the non-digestible parts of plants that form the support structures of leaves, stems, and seeds are known as A) starches. B) total fiber. C) dietary fiber. D) functional fiber. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 15) How many grams of carbohydrate per day are recommended for adults 19 years and older? A) 130 grams B) 160 grams C) 75 grams D) 100 grams Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 16) The condition in which infected pockets form on the wall of the large intestine is known as A) colon cancer. C) diverticulosis. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)

B) Crohn's disease. D) celiac disease.

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17) A high- fiber diet might help decrease blood cholesterol levels by A) keeping stools soft. B) trapping cholesterol in pockets in the large intestine. C) preventing ketosis. D) causing fiber to bind with bile and more cholesterol to be excreted. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 18) Which of the following are the preferred fuels for MOST body functions? A) fat and ketones B) protein and fat C) carbohydrate and fat D) ketones and protein Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 19) Which of the following BEST describes the glycemic index? A) the amount of insulin required to metabolize 100 grams of glucose B) the glucose content of a given food C) the extent to which a given food raises blood glucose and insulin D) an individual's glucose/insulin ratio in a fasted state Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 20) Starch, glycogen, and most types of fiber are examples of A) simple carbohydrates. C) monosaccharides. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)

B) complex carbohydrates. D) disaccharides.

21) Which of the following is NOT a symptom/side effect of ketosis? A) suppression of appetite B) dehydration C) bad breath D) high blood cholesterol Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 22) In the body, the major storage sites for glycogen are the muscles and

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A) liver. B) gallbladder. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D)

C) pancreas. kidneys.

23) Which of the following fruits contains the highest supply of fiber- rich carbohydrates? A) 1 cup of blackberries C) 1 medium banana Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D)

B) 1 medium pear with skin D) 1 cup of fresh strawberries

24) Which of the following types of bread contains the most fiber? A) 2 slices of white bread B) 1 slice of whole - wheat bread C) 1 slice of pumpernickel bread D) 1 slice of white wheat bread Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)

25) Insulin is synthesized and released by the A) gallbladder.

B) pancreas.

C) liver.

D) brain.

Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 26) Mikayla's doctor has suggested that she increase the fiber content of her diet. Which of the following would NOT be good advice for Mikayla? A) Add additional fiber by taking fiber supplements each day. B) Purchase bread and grain products in which the first ingredient listed is "whole grain." C) Avoid excessive amounts of fiber as this could result in bloating and gas. D) Drink at least eight 8- ounce glasses of fluid a day. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D)

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D) 27) A condition marked by blood glucose levels that are below normal levels is A) type 2 diabetes. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)

B) hypoglycemia.

C) type 1 diabetes.

D)ketoacidosis.

28) The glycemic load of a food is determined by the grams of carbohydrate it contains multiplied by its A) fat content. B) weight. C) protein content. D) glycemic index. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 29) Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in maintaining blood glucose levels? 29) A) insulin B) thyroxin C) epinephrine D) glucagon Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 30) Which of the following enzymes is found in the mouth? A) maltase C) pancreatic amylase

30) B) lactase D) salivary amylase

Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 31) Gluconeogenesis is the

31)

A) release of stored glycogen from the liver. B) uptake of glucose by the body's cells. C) synthesis of new glucose from amino acids. D) process by which plants use sunlight to synthesize glucose. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 32) Which of the following artificial sweeteners is made from sucrose? A) saccharine B) aspartame C) acesulfame- K sucralose Answer: D

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D) Explanation: A) B) C) D) 33) Insoluble fiber consumption is associated with decreased A) risk of diverticulosis. C) risk of breast cancer.

33)

B) blood glucose levels. D) blood cholesterol levels.

Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 34) The label on a granola cereal box indicates that it contains 40 grams of total carbohydrate, 13 grams 34) of sugar, and 240 Calories per serving. What percent of Calories in a serving comes from sugar? A) 12% B) 67% C) 45% D) 22% Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 35) Carbohydrates contain 35) A) carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. C) carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D)

B) carbon, helium, and sodium. D) carbon, sulfur, and potassium.

36) The storage form of glucose in animals is

36)

A) glycogen. B) starch. C) fructose. D) raffinose. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) 37) The primary energy source used by the body during intense exercise is A) glycogen. B) protein. C) fat. D) carbohydrate. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 38) The glycemic index compares various foods to the glycemic index of 38)

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37)

D) A) sucrose. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)

B) glucagon. C) glucose.

glycogen.

39) Individuals with which untreated disease are at risk for developing ketoacidosis? 39) A) heart disease B) hypertension C) diabetes D) diverticulitis Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 40) Whole- grain flours are rich sources of fiber because they retain the grains' A) naturally occurring iron. B) stem. C) bran, endosperm, and germ. D) husks. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)

40)

41) When blood glucose levels drop, which hormone brings glucose out of storage to raise blood 41) glucose levels? A) glycogen B) insulin C) glucagon D) adrenaline Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 42) Mannitol, sorbitol, and xylitol are added to chewing gum as A) starches. B) sweeteners. C) stabilizers. D) mucilages. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 43) What is the major monosaccharide found in the body? A) glycogen

43)

B) galactose C) fructose

D) glucose

Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)

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44) A technique employed by some endurance athletes to increase their storage of muscle glycogen is 44) A) glycogen surging. B) gluconeogenesis. C) ketosis. D) carbohydrate loading. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 45) Which of the following has the highest glycemic index value? 45) A) apples B) instant mashed potatoes C) ice cream D) white rice Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 46) Which of the following would be a good snack choice for someone trying to reduce sugar intake? 46) A) canned pears in heavy syrup B) unsweetened dried cranberries C) canned pineapple in light syrup D) sweetened fruit "leather" Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 47) Up to what percentage of a person's total energy intake should carbohydrates make up, based on 47) the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)? A) 65% B) 30% C) 70% D) 15% Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 48) The richest dietary source of resistant starch is A) vegetables. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D)

48)

B) legumes.

C) whole grains.

D) fruit.

49) Which of the following is an example of a soluble fiber? A) lignins Answer: C

B) cellulose

49) C) pectins

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D) hemicelluloses

Explanation: A) B) C) D) 50) Which of the following provides about one- third of the daily Adequate Intake (AI) of fiber for 50) women? A) 1 cup of iceberg lettuce B) 1 cup of fresh strawberries C) 1 slice of whole- wheat bread D) ½ cup of cooked lentils Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 51) Meat is NOT a good dietary source of glycogen. Why? 51) A) The highly branched structure of glycogen is difficult for human digestive enzymes to break apart. B) Most of the glycogen found in meat is broken down when the animal is slaughtered. C) Glycogen is resistant to intestinal enzymes and cannot be broken down by the human digestive tract. D) Glycogen is a protein and will be broken down by the human digestive tract before it is absorbed in the small intestine. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 52) Ana takes her grandparents out to eat every Sunday at their favorite buffet- style restaurant, which 52) offers only a limited selection of vegetables. Which of the following would be the most fiber- rich vegetable option for the diners? A) 1 cup of creamed corn B) 1 cup of cooked broccoli C) 6 spears of steamed asparagus D) 2 cups of iceberg lettuce Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 53) Individuals with the disease phenylketonuria (PKU) should NOT consume the artificial sweetener 53) aspartame. Why? A) People with PKU are highly prone to development of diabetes. B) People with PKU are allergic to the sweetener. C) People with PKU cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. D) People with PKU experience severe headaches when they consume aspartame. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)

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54) One cup of a popular sweetened corn cereal contains 14 grams of sugars. How many teaspoons of 54) sugar does this amount equal? A) 4 B) 3.5 C) 2.5 D) 2 Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 55) A diet low in fiber is associated with an increased risk of developing 55) A) Crohn's disease. B) kidney stones. C) dental caries. D) diverticulosis. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 56) The term complex carbohydratesrefers to

56)

A) monosaccharides. C) glucose. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)

B) disaccharides. D) polysaccharides.

57)

57) A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of A) one monosaccharide and one polysaccharide. B) two monosaccharides. C) two polysaccharides. D) two oligosaccharides. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 58) The term "enriched" on a food label signifies that A) nutrients were added to the food that have additional health benefits beyond those naturally found in it. B) the nutrients in the food were lost during processing and then added back in. C) nutrients were added to the food that did not originally exist in it. D) the food was processed without any artificial additives. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C)

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58)

59)

D) Which of the following is NOT associated with eating meals that have a lower glycemic load? A) higher fiber intake B) reduced risk for prostate cancer C) higher blood levels of high- density lipoproteins (HDLs) D) dramatic fluctuations in blood glucose Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D)

60)

Which of the following carbohydrates is an end product of photosynthesis? 60) A) galactose B) glycogen C) glucose D) lactose Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 61)

Protection against heart disease is a potential benefit of a diet rich in simple sugar. 61) Answer: True Explanation:

False

62) Glycogen is NOT a good source of dietary carbohydrate. Answer: True Explanation:

False

63) Because they are not digested in humans, resistant starches are harmful to the colon. Answer: True Explanation:

63)

False

64) Sweetened soft drinks are the most common source of added sugars in the American diet. Answer: True Explanation:

62)

64)

False

65) Research has shown that the high consumption of high - fructose corn syrup is one of the major causes of obesity in the United States today.

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65)

Answer: True Explanation:

False

66) Hypoglycemia is seen ONLY in people with type 1 diabetes. Answer: True Explanation:

66)

False

67) Honey is a more nutritious and healthful sweetener than table sugar. Answer: True Explanation:

67)

False

68) The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for sugar is 300 grams a day.

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68)

Answer: True Explanation:

False

69)Eating large amounts of sugar can temporarily cause diabetes. Answer: True Explanation:

70)Overconsumption of simple sugars causes hyperactivity and behavioral problems in children. Answer: True Explanation:

72)

False

73)It is safe for pregnant women to consume artificial sweeteners in moderate amounts. Answer: True Explanation:

71)

False

72)Research has shown that aspartame promotes the development of Alzheimer's disease. Answer: True Explanation:

70)

False

71)One tablespoon of honey contains more Calories than one tablespoon of table sugar. Answer: True Explanation:

69)

False

73)

False

74)Carbohydrate digestion ceases in the stomach because the pH of the stomach inactivates salivary 74) amylase. Answer: True Explanation:

False

75)Fat is the primary fuel for the brain. Answer: True Explanation:

75)

False

76)Diets high in simple sugar are associated with tooth decay and gum disease. Answer: True Explanation:

False

77)Saccharin use is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in humans. Answer: True Explanation:

78)

False

79)When consumed, a high glycemic- index food can cause a sudden rise in blood glucose levels. Answer: True Explanation:

77)

False

78)Red blood cells can only use glucose for energy. Answer: True Explanation:

76)

False

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79)

80) The liver converts fructose and galactose to glucose. Answer: True False Explanation: 81) The glycogen stored in muscle cells is used primarily to provide glucose for red blood cells. Answer: True Explanation:

80)

81)

False

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 82) Discuss how the human body regulates blood glucose levels. What are the hormonal factors that are responsible for this control? Answer: Answers will vary. 83) Describe how carbohydrates are digested and metabolized in the human body and what enzymes are involved in the process. Answer: Answers will vary. 84) What is high- fructose corn syrup and how is it made? Discuss the evidence that supports and disputes its role in obesity. Answer: Answers will vary. 85) Describe some ways that you can incorporate more fiber into your diet. Answer: Answers will vary. 86) Discuss the health benefits of soluble and insoluble fiber and identify three food sources of each. Answer: Answers will vary. 87) Your friend tells you that he wants to lose weight and has chosen to go on a lowcarbohydrate diet. What would you say to your friend about this decision? How does the body respond when there is an inadequate intake of dietary carbohydrate? Answer: Answers will vary. 88) Describe the glycemic index and glycemic load. Why is eating a diet with a low glycemic index or load potentially healthy? Answer: Answers will vary.

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Answer Key Testname: C4

1) B 2) B 3) A 4) C 5) D 6) D 7) D 8) D 9) C 10) C 11) C 12) A 13) B 14) C 15) A 16) C 17) D 18) C 19) C 20) B 21) D 22) A 23) A 24) C 25) B 26) A 27) B 28) D 29) B 30) D 31) C 32) D 33) A 34) D 35) A 36) A 37) D 38) C 39) C 40) C 41) C 42) B 43) D 44) D 45) B 46) B 47) A 48) B 49) C 50) D

Answer Key Testname: C4

51) B 1 6

52) B 53) C 54) B 55) D 56) D 57) B 58) B 59) D 60) C 61) FALSE 62) TRUE 63) FALSE 64) TRUE 65) FALSE 66) FALSE 67) FALSE 68) FALSE 69) FALSE 70) FALSE 71) TRUE 72) FALSE 73) TRUE 74) TRUE 75) FALSE 76) TRUE 77) FALSE 78) TRUE 79) TRUE 80) TRUE 81) FALSE 82) Answers vary. 83) Answers vary. 84) Answers vary. 85) Answers vary. 86) Answers vary. 87) Answers vary. 88) Answers vary.

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