ONLY IAS Prahaar GS Paper-II Indian Constitution 2021 PDF

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RAHAAR The final hit to UPSC Exam

Comprehensive, Integrated and Current Linked Notes for CSE Mains 2021

GS PAPER - I I

IN D IA N CO NST IT UT IO N

JUDICIAL

EXECUTIVE

LEGISLATURE

MEDIA

ONE

STOP SOLUTION

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PRAHAAR PRAHAAR-- The final hit to UPSC Exam Exam--2021

PREFACE

Dear aspirants, OnlyIAS team is ecstatic to present this book to you, which is certainly going to be your best companion in your prepration. This book has been designed by considering the issues and challenges students face during mains preparation. While preparing this book, our team was aiming to solve as much problems as possible. For example, students are many a times so confused about what to study and what not, which news is relevant and which news is to be ignored, how much in depth we should go for any topic, what kind of questions UPSC asks from particular topic, how to link static with current etc. This book is an honest attempt to solve these problems and to help students perform better in exam, save time in preparation and get rid of various confusions which they basically come across. Right from the number of pages, to what topic to be covered, our team has done research on every aspect to make it the finest version of itself. Covering everything comes with a limitation of retention power, relevancy, possibility of revision, too many pages which makes it beyond bulky and ultimately lot of time consumption of students for not so important things adding to that a kind of distracted paths. This book is an attempt to make your preparation to the point, relevant, based on UPSC ongoing trend and pattern, revision friendly, and most updated. OnlyIAS team wish you all the best for your preparation with all humility and humbleness and we are hopeful that this book will do wonders for you. Keep reading.

Sumit Rewri and team

Note: Although our team has tried best, yet if any important issue we found which needs updating we will do the same and current issues of last few months will be updated and a supplementary of few issues will be compiled and will be released soon.

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PRAHAAR: Indian Constitution

Historical Background _________________________________________________________________5 Introduction ___________________________________________________________________________________ 5 A brief sequence of Events from Regulating Act (1773) to Independence Act (1947) _________________________ 5 1. Regulating Act of 1773 ____________________________________________________________________ 5 2. Pitt’s India Act of 1784____________________________________________________________________ 5 Charter Act of 1833___________________________________________________________________________ 6 Charter Act of 1853___________________________________________________________________________ 6 Government of India Act of 1858: _______________________________________________________________ 6 Developments after 1858: ___________________________________________________________________ 7 Indian Councils Act of 1861 ____________________________________________________________________ 7 Indian Councils Act, 1892 ______________________________________________________________________ 7 Indian Councils Act, 1909/Morley-Minto Reforms __________________________________________________ 7 Government of India Act, 1919/ Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms _______________________________________ 8 Simon Commission ___________________________________________________________________________ 8 Nehru Report: _______________________________________________________________________________ 8 Government of India Act of 1935 ________________________________________________________________ 8 Indian Independence Act of 1947 _______________________________________________________________ 9 Constituent Assembly ___________________________________________________________________________ 9 Cabinet Mission 1946 _________________________________________________________________________ 9 Objectives Resolution: _______________________________________________________________________10 Enactment & Enforcement of Constitution _________________________________________________________10 Salient features of Indian Constitution __________________________________________________________11 Criticism of the Constitution ________________________________________________________________12

Constitutional amendment ____________________________________________________________13 Types of amendement _________________________________________________________________________ 14 Criticism of the amendment procedure ____________________________________________________________ 15

important amanedments ___________________________________________________________________16 First constitutional amendment, 1951 _____________________________________________________________ 16 42nd constitutional amendment, 1976 _____________________________________________________________ 16 44th constitutional amendment, 1977 _____________________________________________________________18 52nd constitutional amendment, 1985 ____________________________________________________________ 18 73rd & 74th constitutional amendment, 1992 ________________________________________________________ 19

basic structure of constitution _______________________________________________________________21 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF BASIC STRUCTURE IN INDIA __________________________________________________21 Shankari Prasad case 1951 ____________________________________________________________________ 21 Golakhnath case 1967 _______________________________________________________________________21 24th Amendment Act (1971) ___________________________________________________________________ 21 Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) ______________________________________________________________ 21 42nd Amendment Act (1976) __________________________________________________________________22 Minerva Mills case (1980) ____________________________________________________________________22 Waman Rao case (1981) ______________________________________________________________________ 22 eLEMENTS OF BASIC STRUCTURE _________________________________________________________________ 22 significance OF BASIC STRUCTURE ________________________________________________________________23 criticism OF BASIC STRUCTURE ___________________________________________________________________ 23 conclusion ___________________________________________________________________________________24

Significant Provisions in the Indian Constitution ___________________________________________25 Preamble ________________________________________________________________________________25 Sovereign ________________________________________________________________________________________25 Socialist __________________________________________________________________________________________ 26 Secular __________________________________________________________________________________________26 Relevance of word ‘secular’ in Preamble ___________________________________________________________ 27 Democratic _______________________________________________________________________________________27 Republic _________________________________________________________________________________________27 Justice ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 27 Liberty ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 28

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Equality __________________________________________________________________________________________ 28 Fraternity ________________________________________________________________________________________28 Significance of Preamble ____________________________________________________________________________ 29 Amendability of Preamble ___________________________________________________________________________29

Fundamental Rights (Part III, Article 12-35) _______________________________________________31 Introduction _______________________________________________________________________________31 Why fundamental rights are necessary? _________________________________________________________ 31 Relation between FR and Democracy: ___________________________________________________________ 31 Features of FRs _____________________________________________________________________________31 Detailed analysis of FR’s ______________________________________________________________________ 32 Article 12________________________________________________________________________________ 32 Does judiciary fall under definition of state under article 12? ____________________________________ 32 United Nations not a State under Article 12 __________________________________________________ 32 Article 13________________________________________________________________________________ 33 Whether personal laws can be brought under the ambit of Article 13. ____________________________ 33 Right to Equality (Article 14-18)______________________________________________________________ 33 Article 14 (Equality before law) ______________________________________________________________33 CAA and Article 14 ______________________________________________________________________ 34 COVID Vaccine Policy and Article 14 ________________________________________________________ 35 Protesting is a Fundamental Right: UN ______________________________________________________ 35 Article 15 (Prohibition of discrimination on CERTAIN grounds) _____________________________________ 35 Reservation Policy ______________________________________________________________________36 Justice G Rohini Commission (2017) ________________________________________________________ 36 100% reservation for STs _________________________________________________________________ 36 Maratha Reservation ____________________________________________________________________ 37 Caste discrimination in USA_______________________________________________________________ 37 Article 16 (Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment) _______________________________37 Issue of Local Reservation in Private Sector Jobs ______________________________________________ 37 Creamy Layer Criteria for SC/ST in Promotions _______________________________________________37 Reservation in Promotion not a Fundamental Right ___________________________________________38 Reservations Based on Place of Birth _______________________________________________________38 Article 17: Abolition of Untouchability ________________________________________________________38 Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 _________________________________________________________ 38 Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 ________________________________ 39 Maharashtra's law against social boycott ____________________________________________________ 39 Article 18: Abolition of titles ________________________________________________________________39 Right to Freedom (Article 19-22) _____________________________________________________________ 39 Article 19 (Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.) ___________________________39 Shreya Singhal Case (2015): _______________________________________________________________40 Eight biggest threats to freedom of speech & expression in India by Ramchandra Guha ______________40 Sedition Law ___________________________________________________________________________ 41 Access to internet is a Fundamental Right ___________________________________________________42 Article 20 (Protection in respect of conviction for offences) _______________________________________42 Article 21 (Protection of life and personal liberty) _______________________________________________42 Puttaswamy judgment (2017) _____________________________________________________________ 43 Right to Privacy & Legitimate State Interest __________________________________________________ 43 Article 21A (Right to education, 86TH Amendment Act 2002)______________________________________ 44 Digital Divide and RTE: ___________________________________________________________________ 44 Article 22 ProteCtion against arrest and detention in certain cases)_________________________________ 44 Right Against Exploitation (Article 23-24) ______________________________________________________45 Article 23 (Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour) ________________________________45 Recent issues concerning rights of labours: __________________________________________________45 Article 24 (Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.)________________________________ _ 45 Child Labour Amendment Act, 2016 ________________________________________________________ 45 Child labour increased during COVID-19: ____________________________________________________46 Dilution of labour law puts children at risk ___________________________________________________ 46 World Day Against Child Labour ___________________________________________________________46 Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28) ____________________________________________________ 46

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Article 25 (Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion)____________ 46 Sabarimala Issue _______________________________________________________________________46 Article 26 (Freedom to manage religious affairs) ________________________________________________47 Article 27 (Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion) __________________47 Article 28 (Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions)______________________________________________________________________________ 47 Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30) _________________________________________________47 Article 29 (Protection of interests of minorities) ________________________________________________47 Introduction of mother tongue as medium __________________________________________________48 Identification of Minorities _______________________________________________________________48 Demand to recognize minorities at state level ________________________________________________ 48 Article 30 (Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions) ____________________ 49 Can state regulate minority institutions? ____________________________________________________ 49 Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part (Article 32) ______________________________50 Writs Power ___________________________________________________________________________50 Armed forces and Fundamental rights ________________________________________________________50 Martial Laws and Fundamental rights _________________________________________________________ 50 Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part (Article 35) __________________________________50 Right to property _________________________________________________________________________51 Exceptions to fundamental rights ______________________________________________________________51 Amendability of Fundamental rights ____________________________________________________________ 51 Significance of Fundamental rights _____________________________________________________________52 Issues and challenges pertaining to implementation of FR: __________________________________________ 52 Criticisms of Fundamental rights _______________________________________________________________52 Conclusion _________________________________________________________________________________ 53

DPSP (PART IV, ARTICLE 36-51) _________________________________________________________54 Introduction _____________________________________________________________________________54 Constitutional provisions for DPSP ___________________________________________________________54 Conflict between DPSP and FR _______________________________________________________________ 54 Utility of DPSP ____________________________________________________________________________ 55 Criticism of DPSP _________________________________________________________________________55 Implementation of DPSP so far ______________________________________________________________55 Contemporary issues concerning DPSP ________________________________________________________ 56 Uniform Civil Code Debate _______________________________________________________________56 Lockdown and Right of people to their livelihoods ____________________________________________58 Right to Health _________________________________________________________________________ 58 Accessible and Affordable Judicial System ___________________________________________________58 Decriminalising Begging __________________________________________________________________ 59 Issue of cow slaughter: (Article 48) _________________________________________________________ 59 Other issues in brief _____________________________________________________________________ 59 Conclusion ______________________________________________________________________________60

Fundamental Duties (PART IVA, ARTICLE 51A) _____________________________________________61 Conflict between Fundamental duties & Fundamental rights ________________________________________61 Should FD be added in curriculum? _____________________________________________________________62 Campaign to create awareness on fundamental duties _____________________________________________62 Fundamental rights and duties are not isolated: PM Modi __________________________________________62 Breach of fundamental duties led to the spread of Corona __________________________________________63 Fundamental duties as important as rights during the Covid-19 pandemic: Bombay HC ___________________ 63

Citizenship (Part II, Article 5-11) ________________________________________________________64 Citizenship Act, 1955 ________________________________________________________________________64 Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 __________________________________________________________64 National Register of Citizens (NRC) _____________________________________________________________65 National Population Register (NPR) _____________________________________________________________ 65 Rights of Overseas Citizens of India _____________________________________________________________65 Centre Extends Powers Related to Citizenship Application __________________________________________65 Myanmar Refugees Can Approach UNHCR _______________________________________________________66

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ScheduleD and Tribal Areas (pART x, Article 244-244A)______________________________________67 Introduction _______________________________________________________________________________67

Fifth schedule ____________________________________________________________________________67 Constitutional provisions related to FIFTH Schedule ________________________________________________67 The criteria for declaring an ...