ONLY IAS GS Paper-I Prahaar Indian Society 2021 PDF

Preview

Summary

srttttttttttt tttttttttt tttttttttttttsr ssssssssssssfsd efaaaaaaaaaaa sg sg sfffff sfgasfg sfsaf ssagsf...

Description

p

RAHAAR The final hit to UPSC Exam

Comprehensive, Integrated and Current Linked Notes for CSE Mains 2021

GS PAPER - I

INDIAN SOCIETY

ONE

STOP SOLUTION

   



+91-7007-931-912



PRAHAAR

OnlyIAS

PREFACE Dear aspirants, OnlyIAS team is ecstatic to present this book to you, which is certainly going to be your best companion in your preparation.

This book has been designed by considering the issues and challenges students face during mains preparation. While preparing this book, our team was aiming to solve as much problems as possible. For example, students are many a times so confused about what to study and what not, which news is relevant and which news is to be ignored, how much in depth we should go for any topic, what kind of questions UPSC asks from particular topic, how to link static with current etc.

This book is an honest attempt to solve these problems and to help students perform better in exam, save time in preparation and get rid of various confusions which they basically come across.

Right from the number of pages, to what topic to be covered, our team has done research on every aspect to make it the finest version of itself. Covering everything comes with a limitation of retention power, relevancy, possibility of revision, too many pages which makes it beyond bulky and ultimately lot of time consumption of students for not so important things adding to that a kind of distracted paths.

This book is an attempt to make your preparation to the point, relevant, based on UPSC ongoing trend and pattern, revision friendly, and most updated.

OnlyIAS team wish you all the best for your preparation with all humility and humbleness and we are hopeful that this book will do wonders for you. Keep reading.

Sumit Rewri and team

Note: Although our team has tried best, yet if any important issue we found which needs updating we will do the same and current issues of last few months will be updated and a supplementary of few issues will be compiled and will be released soon.

To Join 60 Days Rigorous Answer Writing Program click here: or visit: dpp.onlyias.in

OnlyIAS

PRAHAAR: INDIAN SOCIETY INDEX

1. Salient features of Indian Society and Diversity of India___________________________________________________________ 2 2. Role Of Women And Women’s Organisation_______________________________________________________________________16 3. Population And Associated Issues__________________________________________________________________________________40 4. Poverty And Development Issues___________________________________________________________________________________53 5. Urbanisation: Problems And Remedies____________________________________________________________________________61 6. Effect Of Globalization On Indian Society__________________________________________________________________________70 7. Social Empowerment________________________________________________________________________________________________90 8. Communalism______________________________________________________________________________________________________102 9. Regionalism_________________________________________________________________________________________________________111 10. Secularism__________________________________________________________________________________________________________120 11. Impact Of Covid 19 On Indian Society____________________________________________________________________________129 12. Health: Social Perspective_________________________________________________________________________________________142 13. Education: Social Perspective_____________________________________________________________________________________152

To join courses, Click here

1

[email protected] /+91-7007931912

OnlyIAS

PRAHAAR: INDIAN SOCIETY

1. SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIETY AND DIVERSITY OF INDIA TABLE OF CONTENT • Introduction • Characteristics Of Indian Society • Social Institutions: 1. Kinship 2. Marriage 3. Family • Races In India • Tribes In India • Caste • Religious Pluralism • India As A Multi-Lingual Society • Stakeholders In Indian Society: o Women o Children

•

o Elderly/Senior Citizen o Scheduled Castes o Schedule Tribe o Other Backward Class (OBC) o Minorities o Beggars o LGBT o Victims Of Substance Abuse Diversity Of India: o Various Forms Of Diversity In India o Factors Leading To Unity Amidst Diversity In India o Factors That Threaten India’s Unity o Conclusion

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 1. Has caste lost its relevance in understanding the multi- cultural Indian Society? Elaborate your answer with illustrations. 2. “Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Hence, caste system cannot be eradicated in India.” Comment. 3. How the Indian concept of secularism is different from the western model of secularism? Discuss. 4. ‘Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation. Argue by giving suitable illustrations. 5. The spirit tolerance and love are not only an interesting feature of Indian society from very early times, but it is also playing an important part at the present. Elaborate. 6. In the context of diversity of India, can it be said that the regions form cultural units rather than the States? Give reasons with examples for your viewpoint. 7. Has the formation of linguistic States strengthened the cause of Indian Unity? 8. Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, despite having divergent approaches and strategies, had a common goal of amelioration of the downtrodden. Elucidate. 9. Describe any four cultural elements of diversity in India and rate their relative significance in building a national identity. 10. Debate the issue of whether and how contemporary movements for assertion of Dalit identity work towards annihilation of caste. 11. How do the Indian debates on secularism differ from the debates in the West?

2020 2018 2018 2018 2017 2017 2016 2015 2015 2015 2014

INTRODUCTION •

•

•

Indian society is an example of a grand synthesis of multicultural, multi-ethnic and multi-ideological construct. Amid the complexities and diversities all the sections of Indian society carry the ethos of Indianness. Since time immemorial, ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ (the world is one family) has been the guiding light for the Indian society and based on this perceptive phrase India has accommodated and integrated many communities which has shaped the ethos and socio-cultural fabric of Indian society. Thus Mark Twain has rightly said, “India is the cradle of the human race”.

To join courses, Click here

2

[email protected] /+91-7007931912

PRAHAAR : INDIAN SOCIETY

OnlyIAS •

Meaning of Society: Society may be illustrated as economic, social, industrial, or cultural infrastructure, made up of a varied collection of individuals. R.M. Maclver (1937) also defined society as a “web of social relations which is always changing” where an individual forms the basic unit of it. “Our ability to reach unity in diversity will be the beauty and the test of our civilization.” - Mahatma Gandhi

CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN SOCIETY • Multi-ethnic society: Since time immemorial, its society has evolved through the ages and has also been affected by foreign influences giving it extreme diversity. • Multi-lingual society: Multilingualism in India is a product of its rich history and a reflection of its diverse cultures. • Multi-class society: Indian society is segmented into multiple classes. This division can be on the basis of birth as well as financial and social achievements during one's lifetime. • Patriarchal society: Indian society is largely a patriarchal society where men hold primary power, predominating in the roles of political leadership, moral authority, special privilege and control of property. • Unity in Diversity: Indian Society is a grand synthesis of cultures, religions and languages of the people belonging to different castes and communities has upheld its unity and cohesiveness. However, beneath this diversity, there is fundamental unity in social institutions and practices. • Co-existence of traditionalism and modernity: The spread of education and technological advances has played a major role in the increase of modern thinking among Indians. • Balance between Individualism and collectivism: Individualism is a moral, political or social outlook that stresses human independence, self-reliance and liberty. Whereas collectivism is the practice of giving a group priority over each individual in it. SOCIAL INSTITUTION •

Social institutions are structures of society like family, education, religion, etc. that fulfil the needs of the society. They guide and shape the expected behaviour of individuals, they also help to build and sustain the society itself. There are social institutions that constrain and control, punish and reward.

1. KINSHIP • The Kinship system represents one of the basic social institutions. Kinship is universal and, in most societies, plays a significant role in the socialisation of individuals and the maintenance of group solidarity. • Kinship assigns guidelines for interactions between persons. It defines a proper, acceptable role relationship between father- daughter, brother-sister etc. Kinship determines family line relationships, gotra and kula. • Kinship decides who can marry with whom and where marital relationships are taboo. In rural and tribal societies kinship or kinship relations determine the rights and obligations of the family and marriage, system of production and political power. 2. MARRIAGE • Marriage is an important social institution to satisfy physical, psychological, social, cultural and economic needs of men and women. It is a relationship, which is socially approved and sanctioned by custom and law. It is also a set of cultural mechanisms that ensure the continuation of the family. It is more or less a universal social institution in India. TYPES OF MARRIAGE: 1. Monogamy: Monogamy is that form of marriage in which a man or woman remains married to only one woman or man at a time. One can marry in certain extraordinary circumstances such as the death of the spouse or divorce. To join courses, Click here

3

[email protected] /+91-7007931912

PRAHAAR : INDIAN SOCIETY

OnlyIAS

2. Polygamy: In this form if marriage, a man or woman is permitted to marry more than one woman or man and live with all the wives or husbands at the same time. Polygamy may be further divided into Polygyny and Polyandry. STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN THE MARRIAGE SYSTEM: • Changes in the form of marriage: Traditional forms of marriages like polygamy, polygyny are legally prohibited in India. Nowadays, mostly monogamous marriages are practiced. • Changes in the aim and purpose of marriage: In traditional Indian societies especially among Hindus the primary objective of marriage was considered as ‘dharma’ or duty. But today in this fast evolving modern world the objective of marriage is more related to ‘life-long companionship’ between husband and wife. • Change in stability of Marriage: In the past divorce carried a considerable stigma and the pressure for the sake of the children and also for the sake of appearances and family honour, was very strong. Now due to legislatives, education, technology advancement and more awareness has changed stability in the institution of marriage. • Change in the Age at Marriage: Earlier children used to get married at an early age and it was more in case of girls. But in post independent India legislation like the Special Marriage Act, 1954 and the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 prescribed 18 and 21 years as the minimum age of consent for marriage for women and men respectively. • Live-in relationships: Currently, in the Indian metropolitan cities, youths are more inclined to live in relationships. The institution also had legal recognition as a three-judge bench of SC in 2010 observed that a man and a woman living together without marriage cannot be construed as an offense and held that living together is a Right to Life and Liberty (Article 21). 3. FAMILY • Perhaps no other social entity appears more ‘natural’ than the family. The family is the basic unit of society. It is the first and the most immediate social environment to which a child is exposed. No other social institution appears more universal and unchanging. CHARACTERISTICS OF A FAMILY: • Universality: Family as a social unit is universal as it performs many functions which are indispensable for the individual and society. • Mating relationship: A family is born by the relatively durable companionship of husband, wife who procreates children according to prescribed social norms. • Emotional basis: Family members are emotionally bound to each other. They provide love, care and protection to each other and are ready to make sacrifices for the welfare of family members. • Limited size: A family is basically made up of a husband, wife and their children. It is a small group and its membership is confined to those who are related by either marriage or blood ties. • Social regulations: Family is run according to social norms. Inter-relationships and interactions among family members are guided by social and legal regulations. • Common habitation: A family requires a home or household for its living. This becomes inevitable for bearing and rearing of children. • A system of Nomenclature: Every family is known by a name and has its own system of reckoning descent, be it through the male lineage or the female lineage. FUNCTIONS OF FAMILY: • Reproduction or procreation: Production and rearing of children is one of the most essential functions of the family and is also called as the maintenance function of the family. • Provision of home: Family provides the home for its members and the entire family is dependent on it for comfort, protection, space and peace. • Socialization and cultural transformation: The family guarantees not only the biological continuity of the human race but also the cultural continuity of the society of which it is a part. The family also indoctrinates the child with the values, morals, beliefs and ideals of the society. • Economic functions: With economic advancements, family has become a more consuming unit than a producing one. Members are engaged in earning wages for ensuring socio-economic well-being of the family. To join courses, Click here

4

[email protected] /+91-7007931912

PRAHAAR : INDIAN SOCIETY

OnlyIAS •

•

Educational functions: The family provides the basis for the child's formal learning. In spite of changes occurring in society, the family still provides the child the basic training in social attitudes and habits important to participation in social life. Religious functions: The family is a centre for the religious training of the children. The family not only meets the spiritual needs of its members but also passes on the religious inheritance to the next generation.

TYPES OF THE FAMILY: • Nuclear Family: A nuclear family is made up of a husband, wife, and unmarried children. The physical distance between parents and married child or between parents and grandparents minimizes their interdependence. • Joint or the Extended Family: The joint family is also called the undivided family or the extended family. In an extended family, three or more generations are included in a single, functional family consisting of grandparents, parents, grand-children, brothers, sisters and their spouse and children. • • Merits of the joint family system:

• •

•

• Demerits of joint family system:

•

•

Ensures economic progress: The joint family meets the basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter of its members. Advantage of division of labour: Every member in the family is given the advantage of division of labour. Social insurance: The joint family acts as a social insurance for the old, sick and incapable. Helps social control: The joint family acts as an agent of social control by exercising control over the behaviour of its members. The individuals are taught to subordinate their individual interests to family interests. Promotes psychological security: The joint family, through creating a harmonious atmosphere in the family, contributes to the development of social solidarity. It provides psychological security to its members and prevents the growth of excessive individuation inside the family. Retards the development of personality: The elders take up most of the responsibilities and the younger ones are over protected. Thus, does not provide enough opportunity to its members to develop the qualities of adventure, self-determination, industriousness, etc. Promotes idleness: The joint family is said to be the home of idlers. Since all members of the family are assured of the basic necessities of life, no one takes much interest in productive activities. Undermines the status of women: In patriarchal joint families, women have only secondary roles and are not given sufficient freedom to express and to develop their personality.

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN THE INDIAN FAMILY: • Smaller family sizes: The traditional large-sized joint family which was also a socioeconomic unit, has been replaced by small sized nuclear families. • Influence of urbanization: According to various sociologists the city life is more favorable to small nuclear families than to big joint families. Urbanisation strengthens nuclear family patterns. • Change in relationship between man and woman: Women are no longer considered as inferior to men, but they enjoy equal status. They are no longer subjected to drudgery and slavery as in past and have equal say in all matters. • Legislative measures: Prohibition of early marriage and fixing the minimum age of marriage by the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929, and the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 have lengthened the period of education. The other legislative measures like the Widow Remarriage Act, 1856, Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, To join courses, Click here

5

[email protected] /+91-7007931912

PRAHAAR : INDIAN SOCIETY

OnlyIAS

• •

•

Hindu succession Act, 1956, all have modified interpersonal relations within the family, the composition of the family and the stability of the joint family. Economic independence of women: Women are no longer confined to the four walls of the house, but rather they are working shoulder to shoulder with men. Neo-Local Residence: As a result of industrialization and urbanisation more and more young married couples set up their residence in the place of their work. Neo-local residence is, therefore, coming to existence more and more. Influence of western values: Values relating to modern science, rationalism, individualism, equality, free life, democracy, freedom of women etc. have exerted a tremendous change on the joint family system in India.

RACES IN INDIA 1. Negrito: They were the first to arrive in India. Negrito features are found particularly amongst small provinces in the south, the Kadar, Andamanese, Angami Nagas, and Bagadi of Rajmahal hills (Bihar). 2. Proto-Australoid: Today they constitute the bulk of the population in many isolated and semi-isolated parts of central and southern India. The Central India tribes like Bhils, Mundas, Santhal, ho, Chenchus manifest their racial characteristics. 3. Mongoloid: On its northern and eastern frontier, India marches with the great Mongoloid regi...