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1. Arteries, Veins and Lymphatics: Using wet specimens, images and models Ø Describe the structures that make up the boundaries of the axilla 

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Apex – also known as the axillary inlet, it is formed by lateral border of the first rib, superior border of scapula, and the posterior border of the clavicle. Lateral wall – formed by intertubercular groove of the humerus.

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Medial wall – consists of the serratus anterior and the thoracic wall (ribs and intercostal muscles).

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Anterior wall – contains the pectoralis major and the underlying pectoralis minor and the subclavius muscles.

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Posterior wall – formed by the subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi.

Ø Identify the axillary, posterior circumflex, brachial, deep brachial (profunda brachii), radial and ulnar arteries, and palmar arch arrangement

Posterior circumflex

Ø View deep veins that lie in close proximity to the arteries – be able to differentiate between a large artery and a large vein (consider wall thickness and inherent structure of these two types of vessels)

静脉里面有 valve Ø Identify sites of main arterial pulses in the upper limb

Ø Look at the arrangement of the main superficial veins in the cubital fossa region of the elbow. Identify the median cubital vein (common site for taking blood) and describe general location of the basilic and cephalic veins (lymphatic flow is closely aligned)

Location of basilic vein:The basilic vein usually lies in the deep subcutaneous tissue at the antecubital crease and pierces the brachial fascia in the distal third of the upper arm; however, occasionally it lies beneath the fascia at the antecubital crease. Location of cephalic veins: located in the superficial fascia along the anterolateral surface of the biceps. Ø Identify the deep veins of the upper limb and consider the naming of these veins

Because the deep veins always lie nearby a artery, the name of the veins are the same with the nearby artery. Ø Look for examples of lymph nodes in the axillary region and describe a role of the lymphatic system

managing the fluid levels in the body The blood in our blood vessels is under constant pressure. We need that to push nutrients (food the cells need), fluids and some cells into the body’s tissues to supply those tissues with food, oxygen and defence. All of the fluids and its contents that leak out into the tissues (as well as waste products formed in the tissues, and bacteria that enter them through our skin) are removed from them by the lymphatic system. When the lymphatic system does not drain fluids from the tissues properly, the tissues swell, appearing puffy and uncomfortable. If the swelling only lasts for a short period it is called oedema. If it lasts longer (more than about three months) it is called lymphoedema....