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Ideology of Pakistan-----definition and elucidation, historical aspects: Muslim rule inthe Sub-Continent, its downfall and efforts for Renaissance. Movements forreforms-- Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi, Shah Waliullah, Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed,Aligarh, Deoband, Nadwah, and other educational institutions------SindhMadrassah and Islamia College Peshawae. Ideology of Pakistan in the light ofSpeeches and statements of Allama Iqbal and Quaid- i Azam Muhammad AliJinnah. Land and people of Pakistan------- Geography, Society, Natural resources, Agriculture, Industry and education with reference to characteristics, trends and problems…………..1 Pakistan and Changing Regional Apparatus……………………………………….62 Nuclear Program of Pakistan, its Safety and Security; International Concern…64 Regional Economic Cooperation (SAARC,ECO,SCO) and the Role of Pakistan.73 Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan…………………………………………………..81 Economic Challenges in Pakistan…………………………………………………..86 Non-Traditional Security Threats in Pakistan: Role of Non-State Actors………92 Pakistan’s Role in the Region……………………………………………………….99 Palestine Issue……………………………………………………………………….101 Changing Security Dynamics for Pakistan: Challenges to National Security of Pakistan………………………………………………………………………………103 Political Evolution Since 1971………………………………………………………109 Pakistan and US War on Terror………………………………………………..…..118 Foreign Policy of Pakistan Post 9/11………………………………………………135 Evolution of Democratic System in Pakistan…………………………………….143 Ethnic Issues and National Integration……………………………………………144 Hydro Politics ; Water Issues in Domestic and Regional Context…………….150 Economic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic Survey, the Previous and Current Budgets, and the Problems and Performance of Major Sectors of Economy. ……………………………………………………………………………152 The Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest Constitutional Amendments and Important Legislations, Legal Cases and the Role of Higher Courts. ……………………………………………………………………………….190 The Prevailing Social Problems of Pakistan and the Strategies to Deal with Them, Poverty, Education, Health and Sanitation.…………………………………..199. Pakistan’s National Interest……………………………………………………….200 Challenges to Sovereignty………………………………………………………..204 Pakistan’s Energy Problems and their Effects………………………………….208 Pakistan’s Relations with Neighbors excluding India………….. Pakistan and India Relations Since 1947………….. Kashmir Issue………….. The war in Afghanistan since 1979 and its impact on, and challenges to Pakistan, in the Post 2014 era. …………………………………………………………………..215 4

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Proxy Wars: Role of External Element……………………………………….221.

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What is Ideology of Pakistan Definition and Elucidation Definition of Ideology: Science of ideas, visionary speculations, and manner of thinking, characteristic of a class or individual, ideas on the basis of some economic, social or political theory or system is called Ideology. It contains those ideals, which a nation strives to accomplish in order to bring stability to its nationhood. Defining ideology, George Lewis says: "Ideology is a plan or program which is based upon philosophy". Ideology of Pakistan Pakistan is an Ideological state and the ideology of Pakistan is an Islamic ideology. Its basic principle being: "The only sovereign is Allah". Islam acted as a nation building force before the establishment of Pakistan. Ideology of Pakistan basically means that Pakistan should be a state where the Muslims should have an opportunity to live according to the faith and creed based on the Islamic principles. They should have all the resources at the disposal to enhance Islamic culture and civilization. Quid-e-Azam once said: "Pakistan was created the day the first Indian national entered the field of Islam". From the above statement, it is clear that Ideology of Pakistan is an Islamic one. Two Nation Concepts: The fundamental concept of Ideology is that Muslims should get a separate identity. They should have a separate state where they could live according to Islamic rules and principles, profess their religion freely and safeguard Islamic tradition .On one occasion Quid-e-Azam said: "The Muslims demand Pakistan where they can rule in accordance with their own system of life, their cultural development, their traditions and Islamic laws." Thus, this fundamental concept of Ideology led to the concept of two nations in the Sub Continent and resulted in the formation of Pakistan. Factors Creating the Idea of a Separate Homeland: Ideology of Pakistan was created when Muslims of Indo-Pak Sub Continent developed a specific attitude of mind that they are different from Hindus. This was due to the injustices done to the Muslims by British and Hindus. Some of these are:

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1. Anti Muslim Campaign: The Hindus and British joined hands to destroy the faith,belief,costoms and national importance of Muslims because Muslims rebillion was creating much problem for both. 2. In acceptance of British Rule: Muslims had been ruling the Sub Continent for ages.Therefore,they could not resist any power over them,When Britsh came to rule the Sub Continent ,Muslims were the only nation who opposed them.Thus,in order to gain power,British had to crush the Muslims collectivity. 3. Hindus Betrayed Muslims: In the beginning ,Hindus appeared to be on Muslim's side,but later on their hostility was exposed as they opposed various steps taken by British Government which purely benefited for Muslims. 4. Refusal of Muslim identity: British wanted to implement parliamentary system in Sub Continent in which the majority was the power and authority.Due to Hindu majority it was probablethat if British left India undivided,it would fall under the Hindus rule.Further more ,Hindus did not accept the separate identity of Muslims and thus,there were no chances of freedom even after the British rule. 5. War of 1857 In 1857,Muslims and Hindus tried to expel the British out of India but failed .Later due to Hindu conspiracies,Muslims were held responsible for it and hence were crushed further by Britishers. 6. Sir Syed's Idea Sir Syed for the first time put down the idea that Muslims are a separate nation.He convinced Muslims to unite themselves in order to have a separate social and political identity. Basic Points of Ideology of Pakistan: • •

Muslims are different Hindus in every aspects,their culture ,civilization,customs and religion all are entirely different. The Muslims need a free state for protection of their separate where they can live in accordance with their faith,belief and follow the Islamic codes.

Importance of Ideology in National Life: Ideology is a motivating force for a nation,which is striving hard to bring stability and homogeneity to its nation hood.Its provide the binding force to the scattered groups in a societyand bring them close to each other on a common platform.Ideologies impel their adherence to follow a joint linked action for the accomplishment of their goal.Ideologies give shape to the revolutions and create new cultures and civilizations.They stress on their 7

adherents to insist on the realization of their ideal throught total transformation of society.An urgent agreement with each other on the ideals is most vital pre-requisite of an ideology. Conclusion: The fundamental concept of ideology of Pakistan is that Muslims are a separate nation having their own culture,literature ,religion and way of life.They cannot be merged in any other nation.They should be able to develop their culture and religious traditions in an Islamic State and they should be able to create a true Islamic society for themselves. Thus the ideology of Pakistan which developed through the period of Mohammad Bin Qasim and others and followed by political leaders like Quid-e-Azam was materialized in 1947.

Historical aspects: Muslim rule in the Sub-Continent, its downfall and efforts for Renaissance. Babur - The First Mughal Emperor [1526-30] Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur founded the Mughal Empire in India after defeating Ibrahim Lodhi in the Battle of Panipat in 1526. At the age of 14, Babur ascended the throne of the Central Asian kingdom of Farghana. His greatest ambition was to rule Samarkand. He fought many battles in the pursuit of this goal, winning and losing his kingdom many times in the process. In 1504, he ventured into what is now Afghanistan and conquered Kabul. His position in Central Asia was precarious at best. In order to consolidate his rule, he invaded India five times, crossing the River Indus each time. The fifth expedition resulted in his encounter with Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat in April 1526. Babur's army was better equipped than Lodhi's; he had guns while the sultan relied on elephants. The most successful of Babur's innovations was the introduction of gunpowder, which had never been used before in the Sub-continent. This combined with Babur's newer tactics gave him a greater advantage. Babur's strategy won the war and Ibrahim Lodhi died fighting. Panipat was merely the beginning of the Mughal rule. Akbar laid its real foundation in 1556. At the time of the battle of Panipat, the political power in India was shared by the Afghans and the Rajputs. After Panipat, the Hindu princes united under Rana Sanga, the Raja of Mewar, resulting in a sizable force. Babur's army showed signs of panic at the size of the huge opposing army. To prevent his forces retreat, Babur tried to instill confidence in his soldiers by breaking all his drinking cups and vessels, and vowed never to drink again if he won. His soldiers took heart, and when the armies met in the battle at Kanwaha, near Agra on March 16, 1527, Babur was able to win decisively. Kanwaha confirmed and completed Babur's victory at Panipat. Babur thus became the king of Central India.

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In 1528, he captured Chanderi from the Rajput chief Medini Rao, and a year later he defeated the Afghan chiefs under Mahmud Lodhi in the battle of Ghagra at Bihar. These conquests made Babur the "Master of Hindustan". He was not destined to enjoy the fruits of his conquests as he died shortly afterwards in Agra on December 26, 1530. He was buried at Kabul in accordance with his wish. The Mughal age is famous for its many-faceted cultural developments. The Timurids had a great cultural tradition behind them. Their ancestral kingdom at Samarkand was the meeting ground of the cultural traditions of Central and West Asia. The Mughals brought with them Muslim cultural traditions from Turko-Iranian areas, which inspired the growth of the IndoMuslim culture. Humayun’s Rule [1530-40, 1555-6] Babur was succeeded by his eldest son Humayun. Humayun failed in asserting a strong monarchical authority. He inherited a freshly won empire with a host of troubles; the Afghan nobles, the Rajputs and worst of all, his three treacherous brothers. They caused numerous problems for him. Following his father's advice, Humayun treated his brothers kindly and appointed them to high positions. Kamran was appointed as the Governor of Kabul, Kandhar and later even Punjab. Askari was the Governor of Sambhal, and Hindal the Governor of Alwar. In return, his brothers hindered him at every step and betrayed him in his hour of need. All of them coveted the throne. This was a curse that each successful Mughal king had to deal with. Humayun almost lost the empire his father had fought so hard to bequeath him. In the first ten years of his rule, he faced so many challenges not only from his younger brothers but also from the Afghan General Sher Shah Suri who had served under Babur. Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun in the battles of Chausa and Kanauj in 1540. This defeat was the first setback to the infant Mughal Empire. He lived the next 15 years of his life, from 1540 to 1555, self-exiled in Persia. Later on, with the help of the King of Persia, he captured Kabul and Kandhar. He was finally able to re-ascend the throne at Delhi and Agra after defeating Sikandar Suri. After recovering his throne, Humayun devoted himself to the affairs of the kingdom and towards improving the system of government. He laid the foundation of the Mughal style of painting. Later on, during the reign of Akbar, a fusion of Persian and Indian style of painting took place. Unfortunately, after recovering his empire, Humayun was not destined to rule for long. In January 1556, he met his tragic end by slipping from the famous building known as Din Panah. After him his eldest son Akbar took over the rule of the empire. Suri Dynasty [1540-55] Sher Khan, known as Sher Shah Suri, was an Afghan leader who took over the Mughal Empire after defeating Humayun in 1540. Sher Shah occupied the throne of Delhi for not more than five years, but his reign proved to be a landmark in the Sub-continent. He formulated a sound imperial administration that was inspired by the Safavid regime in Iran. Sher Shah employed a powerful army, which is said to have comprised of 150,000 horses, 250,000 foot-soldiers and 5,000 elephants. He personally inspected, appointed and paid the soldiers, thus making him the focus of loyalty and subduing the jealousies between clans and 9

tribes. To prevent fraud, he revived the tradition of branding horses, introduced first by Alauddin Khalji. The principal reforms for which Sher Shah is remembered are those connected with revenue administration. He set up a revenue collection system based on the measurement of land. Justice was provided to the common man. Numerous civil works were carried out during his short reign; planting of trees, wells and building of Sarai (inns) for travelers was done. Roads were laid; it was under his rule that the Grand Trunk road from Delhi to Kabul was built. The currency was also changed to finely minted silver coins called Dam During his lifetime, Sher Shah commissioned the construction of tombs for his father, Hasan Khan Suri and for himself. A third one was begun for his son Islam, but remained unfinished due to the dynasty's fall. Sher Shah died in 1545 by a gunpowder explosion and left his kingdom to his two sons and grandsons. Unfortunately, his successors were incompetent and succumbed to old Afghan rivalries. This resulted in the downfall of the Suri Dynasty. Akbar’s Reign [1556-1605] Humayun's heir, Akbar, was born in exile and was only 13 years old when his father died. Thanks to his exceptionally capable guardian, Bahram Khan, he survived to demonstrate his worth. Akbar's reign holds a certain prominence in history; he was the ruler who actually fortified the foundations of the Mughal Empire. After a series of conquests he managed to subdue most of India. Areas not under the empire were designated as tributaries. He also adopted a conciliatory policy towards the Rajputs, hence reducing any threat from them. Akbar was not only a great conqueror, but a capable organizer and a great administrator as well. He set up a host of institutions that proved to be the foundation of an administrative system that operated even in British India. Akbar's rule also stands out due to his liberal policies towards the non-Muslims, his religious innovations, the land revenue system and his famous Mansabdari system. Akbar's Mansabdari system became the basis of Mughal military organization and civil administration. The reign of Akbar was a period of renaissance of Persian literature. The Ain-i-Akbari gives the names of 59 great Persian poets of Akbar's court. History was the most important branch of Persian prose literature. Abul Fazl's Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari were complementary works. Akbar and his successors, Jehangir and Shah Jehan greatly contributed to the development of Indian music. Tansen was the most accomplished musician of the age. Ain-iAkbari gives the names of 36 first-rate musicians of Akbar's court where Hindu and Muslim style of music mingled freely. The Mughal architectural style began as a definite movement under his rule. Akbar's most ambitious and magnificent architectural undertaking was the new capital city that he built on the ridge at Sikri near Agra. The city was named as Fatehpur to commemorate Akbar's conquest of Gujrat in 1572. The most impressive creation of this new capital is the grand Jamia Masjid. The southern entrance to the Jamia Masjid is an impressive gateway known as Buland Darwaza. Like most other buildings at Fatehpur Sikri, the fabric of this impressive gateway is of red sandstone that is decorated by carvings and discreet inlaying of white marble. Of all the 10

Mughals, Akbar's reign was the most peaceful and powerful. With his death in 1605, ended a glorious epoch in Indian history. British Arrive in India In 1583, Queen Elizabeth I dispatched the ship Tyger to the Sub-continent to exploit opportunities for trade. Sixteen years after the Tyger sailed to India, Queen Elizabeth granted trading rights to a group of London entrepreneurs. In 1614, the British East India Company opened its first office in Bombay. The British continued to seek concessions from the Mughal rulers and enjoyed a unique trading monopoly. By the middle of the 18th century, the British, in guise of the East India Company, had become deeply enmeshed in the politics of India. The British and French had both obtained permission to open factories and forts in India. It was in the guise of defense for their forts that they were able to establish large forces in India. In the middle of the 18th century the war between France and Britain was extended to the Sub-continent in order to establish control over India. The British succeeded in their mission as they took advantage of the constant bickering of the local rulers and the lack of consolidated power. In violation of a trade agreement with the Nawab of Bengal, the British started reinforcing Fort William in Calcutta. This led to a clash between the British and the son of the Nawab of Bengal, Sirajuddullah, who opposed the British violation and reinforcement of Fort William. Owing to the treachery of his uncle Mir Jaffar, Nawab Sirajuddullah was defeated in the battle of Plassey in 1757. After the battle of Plassey, the British began the systematic conquest of the Sub-continent. It was mainly the Muslims who raised resistance to the British rule. The other organized group, the Marhattas, periodically sided with the British against the Muslims. The people of India were not united against the foreign aggressors, which made it easier for the British to seize power. The Marhattas, threatened by the British challenged them under the leadership of their Peshwas. This resulted in a series of Anglo-Marhatta wars, which finally resulted in bringing the Marhatta confederacy under the British rule. Some Muslim rulers like Haider Ali and ...