Pdhpe Prelim Notes PDF

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Mary Ryan PDHPE Prelim Notes What does health mean to individuals?

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1.

Meanings of Health

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2.

Perceptions of health

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What influences the health of individuals?

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The determinants of health

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2.

The degree of control individuals can exert over their health

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3.

Health as a social construct

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What strategies help to promote the health of individuals?

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1.

What is health promotion

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2.

Responsibility for health promotion

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Health promotion approaches and strategies

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4.

The Ottawa Charter as an effective health promotion framework

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Principles of social justice

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How do the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems of the body influence and respond to movement?

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1.

Skeletal System

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2.

Muscular System

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Respiratory system

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What is the relationship between physical fitness, training and movement efficiency?

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Health Related Components of Fitness

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Skill Related Components of Fitness

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Aerobic and anaerobic training

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Immediate physiological responses to training

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How do biomechanical principles influence movement?

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Motion

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Balance and Stability

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Fluid mechanics

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What are the main priorities for assessment and management of first aid patients?

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Setting priorities for managing a first aid situation and assessing the casualty

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Crisis management

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How should the major types of injuries and medical conditions be managed in first aid situations?

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Management of injuries

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Management of medical conditions

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What does the individual need to consider in administering first aid?

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Physical environment

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Infection control and protection

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Legal and moral dilemmas

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Support following first aid situations

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What does exercise mean to different people?

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Meanings of exercise

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The value that people place on exercise and fitness

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What are the ways people choose to exercise for fitness?

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Individual fitness activities

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Group fitness activities

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What influences people’s choice of fitness activities?

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Settings for exercise

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Advertising and promotion

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Motivators and barriers to participation

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Mary Ryan

Preliminary Core 1: Better Health for Individuals What does health mean to individuals? 1.

Meanings of Health

Definitions of Health Health: state of complete physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual wellbeing. Dimensions of Health Physical: directly associated with body Mental: functioning of brain Emotional: mood or emotional state Spiritual: purpose and meaningful relationships Social: maintaining meaningful relationships and social etiquette Connected: e.g. breaking leg is physical and social dimensions The relative and Dynamic Nature of Health ➔ Relative: perception is changed based on what it is compared to ➔ Dynamic: health has the ability to constantly change, this can be acute or chronic. ➔ Health Continuum: poor-----average----optimal To see where you sit you have to evaluate physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual health. 2. Perceptions of health Perceptions of their health Influenced by: ○ Experience, education, family and friends ○ 5 dimensions ○ Differing personal circumstances Perceptions of others ➔ Generalised perceptions of health to specific groups ➔ Can cause us to judge inaccurately ➔ Perceptions of health = certain outcomes as people are more likely to pay attention to something if they think it’s wrong ➔ Perceptions influence whether a person chooses to improve all dimensions of their health ➔ Narrow perceptions of health can lead to poor individual health choices Implications of different perceptions of health Different perceptions will lead to different levels of exposure to risks such as disease. Perceptions of health as social constructs Social Construct: is something that develops due to society and how it shapes a particular thing/idea/concept. Factors that contribute to our social construct of health include; ● economic status ● education ● employment ● cultural background ● religious views ● family and peers ● geographical, social and political environment in which we live ● individual experience and personality Impact of the media, peers and family Media: increase in exposure means it affects perception more. Explicit – the biggest loser raises awareness about health. Implicit – photoshop, frequently viewing ‘perfect’ people. Peers: values are often shared due to the importance placed on this opinion. Family: construct the basis of your beliefs, knowledge, wealth, environment in relation to health. 3. Health behaviours of young people The positive health status of young people Australian institute of health and welfare (AIHW). The health of young people is improving. Protective behaviours and risk behaviours Protective: Any action or inaction that reduces the risk or protects a person from disease, injury and death. ➔ Physical Activity: At least 60 mins a day, add variety ➔ Healthy Eating: Reducing unnecessary intake, 5.5 servings of veges and 2 fruits ➔ Body Weight: BMI, fit in a healthy weight range ➔ Drug Use: Assertiveness and refusal skills, supportive families ➔ Sexual Activity: Wearing protection, be involved with someone trustworthy ➔ Social Networks and Support: Limiting time and recognising the reality behind media ➔ Sun protection: skin checks, sunscreen ➔ Mental health: supportive relationships, coping skills and stress management strategies and connectedness with peers Risk: Any action or inaction that increases the risk of disease, experiencing injury or death.

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Mary Ryan Physical Activity: screen time, sitting down for extended periods Healthy Eating: processed food consistently, skipping meals Body Weight: poor dietary habits Drug Use: experimentation, addiction Sexual Activity: STIs and pregnancy Social Networks and Support: negative influence, addiction Sun protection: fair skin, exposure to UV – cancer Mental health: history of self-harm in family, broken family

What influences the health of individuals? 1. The determinants of health Individual factors Knowledge: a person’s knowledge levels of health will affect what they do Skills: things people are good at Attitudes: outlook on situations Genetics: genes given to child from parents Sociocultural factors Family: influence values, habits and health behaviours due to role modelling Peers: greatest influence during teens and young adult years, risk behaviours Media: physiological influence through advertising, coverage of health issues, perceptions on body image majorly influence Religion: sense of belonging, purpose in life Culture: traditions and customs people are surrounded by Socioeconomic factors Education: levels of education will influence understanding of health Employment: labour exchange for money –influence availability and benefits Income: money received from different streams – affordability of health services Environmental factors Geographical location: physical location Access to health services: affordability, distance, time etc Technology: technology will lead to higher levels of education and can help to cure 2. The degree of control individuals can exert over their health Modifiable and non-modifiable health determinants Modifiable: Determinants that can be changed or controlled so they have a different level of influence on health. E.g. employment Non-modifiable: Determinants that cannot be changed or altered. E.g. genetics The changing influence of determinants through different life stages Major influences: Children: environmental and socioeconomic Young people: sociocultural and individual Adults: socioeconomic and individual Elderly: socioeconomic, individual and environmental 3.

Health as a social construct

Recognises the interrelationship of determinants Example, employment determines income and income is closely linked to health. Can be difficult to assess them on their own because they are sometimes so closely related. Challenges the notion that health is solely an individual’s responsibility. 1970’s/80’s – attempts to improve health were based on the assumption that if people were provided the right info, they would choose better health behaviours and suggest poor health is a result of ignorance, lack of willpower and laziness.

What strategies help to promote the health of individuals? 1. What is health promotion Aims to ensure that influencing factors such as social, economic, behavioural, environment and lifestyle all contribute to health in a positive way. Involves: Good governance, Health literacy, Healthy cities 2. Responsibility for health promotion Individuals Responsibility to keep themselves and their family healthy and to keep informed. Community groups/schools Responsibility to provide access to education, resources and skills.

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Mary Ryan Non-government organisations Responsibility to Influence the governments and decision-makers, provide research and data to the public. (lobby groups, specialised group etc) Government ➔ Federal: creates policies, responds to international agreements and provides funds. ➔ State: deliver primary health services, implementation of initiatives e.g. NSW Tobacco Action Plan ➔ Local: implement state and federal initiatives, mainly smaller jobs like promoting physical activity International organisations ➔ WHO: key to global research on health-related issues ➔ United Nations: creates agreements/treaties to better the health of humanity e.g. Paris agreement 3. Health promotion approaches and strategies Lifestyle/behavioural approaches (quit smoking programs, health education) Based on the belief that giving knowledge and skills will improve people’s health. Relies on health education and public health messages to raise awareness about lifestyle behaviours such as smoking, alcohol use, nutrition and exercise. No consideration of social and environmental factors. Preventative medical approaches (childhood immunisation, cancer screening) Treats and prevents disease at the biological level. Three areas of prevention: ➔ Primary- whole populations with no risk factors e.g. immunisation ➔ Secondary- targets groups with risk factors e.g. breast screening ➔ Tertiary- actions that target people who have developed the disease and are trying to prevent a recurrence or chronic illness from developing further e.g. rehabilitation Public health approaches (health-promoting schools and workplaces) Influenced by the policies of WHO, they take a more holistic approach to health and recognise the role played by factors outside the of the individual and the immediate health system. 4. The Ottawa Charter as an effective health promotion framework Made in 1977 by WHO to work towards health for all citizens leading to increased productiveness socially and economically by 2000. DRSBC Developing personal skills Providing information and enhancing life skills, leading to greater control over life e.g. mandatory PDHPE curriculum (kindy - year 10) Reorienting health services The health sector must look beyond providing clinical and curative services, but also looking at health promotion. e.g. RIDER Strengthening community action Encouraging self-help, social support, participating in health-related matters. e.g. Fatality Free Friday Building healthy public policy Legislation for better health, healthier goods and service, enjoyable environments e.g. close the gap Creating supportive environments Encouragement of reciprocal maintenance - take care of one another and the environment. e.g. smoke free areas 5. Principles of social justice Individuals need to be provided with sufficient resources and support to empower them to improve their health in order to achieve social justice. Equity Allocation of resources according to the needs of individuals and populations. Diversity The variety, or difference, between individual and groups of people. (ATSI – close the gap)

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Mary Ryan Supportive environments Has significant influence on the person and their ability to make change or improve their health. Environment creates opportunities.

Preliminary Core 2: The Body in Motion

How do the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems of the body influence and respond to movement? 1. Skeletal System The structure of the skeletal system Major components of the skeletal system: ➔ Major Bones: Cranium, clavicle, scapula, the vertebral column (neck to tailbone: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx), rib cage, sternum, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges. ➔ Ligaments: Tough, fibrous bands of connective tissue which connect bone to bone ➔ Tendon: Tough, fibrous bands of connective tissue which connect bone to muscle ➔ Joints The function of the skeletal system ➔ 5 Types of Bones: flat, long, short, irregular and sesamoid ➔ Purpose (Mama Makes Cheesy Pizza): ● Movement and support- muscles attachment (irregular & flat), leverage for movement (long) and support (short). ● Mineral storage- calcium, potassium, sodium & phosphorus. ● Cell production- red & yellow bone marrow ● Protection – of major organs and tendons (flat, irregular & sesamoid) Classifications of Joints ➔ Fibrous Joints ● Definition: bones that are connected by strong inflexible fibrous tissue. ● Mobility: none, these bones stay in place. ● Example: the skull ➔ Cartilaginous Joints ● Definition: bones that are connected by cartilage. ● Mobility: slightly moveable ● Example: 1st sternocostal joint (first rib and sternum connection) ➔ Synovial Joints ● Definition: bones don’t touch but are in a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid. ● Mobility: freely moveable ● 6 Types + examples: Ball and socket (hip), Hinge (knee), Pivot (atlas and axis – neck), Condyloid (wrist), Gliding (intercarpals) and Saddle (thumbs). Movement of joints ➔ Joints and flexibility ● Joints: where two or mor bones meet ● Flexibility: range of movement available at joint ➔ Movement actions + examples 1. flexion and extension (bicep curl) 2. adduction and abduction (arms) 3. rotation and circumduction (head left to right, bowling cricket ball, respectively) 4. Plantar and Dorsiflexion (pointing toes down, pointing toes up, respectively) 5. Supernation and Pronation (palms up, palms down, respectively)

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Mary Ryan 6. 7.

Eversion and Inversion (foot moves outwards, foot moves inwards, respectively) Elevation and Depression (shoulders up, shoulders down, respectively)

2. Muscular System Major Muscles ➔ Skeletal muscles: The muscles that attach to the skeletal system (bones and tendons) to help create movement. ➔ Front view major muscles (7) ● Deltoid – shoulder abduction ● Pectorials (major & miner) – shoulder adduction ● Biceps – elbow flexion ● Abdominals – flexion & rotation midsection ● Quadriceps – knee extension ● Adductor group – hip adduction ● Tibialis anterior – ankle dorsiflexion ➔ Rear view major muscles ● Trapezius – shoulder elevation ● Triceps – elbow extension ● Latissimus dorsi – shoulder adduction and abduction ● Gluteus maximus – hip extension ● Hamstrings – knee flexion ● Soleus – ankle plantar flexion ● Gastrocnemius – ankle plantar flexion Muscle relationships ➔ Agonist and antagonistic pairs ● Agonist: contracts when movement is performed ● Antagonist: lengthens to allow for movement ➔ Stabiliser muscles Keep joints stable during movement ➔ Example ● Ankle: plantar flexion and dorsiflexion - Plantar flexion > Agonist: gastrocnemius > Antagonist: tibialis anterior - Dorsiflexion > Agonist: tibialis anterior > Antagonist: gastrocnemius Types of muscular actions ➔ Isotonic contractions ● Occur when there is a constant in or around the targeted joint - Concentric – the muscle produces force and shortens - Eccentric – the muscle is used to control, and it lengthens > Example – kicking a soccer ball ➔ Isometric contractions ● It is static; thus, muscles do not change in length or move at the joint > Example – wall sit 3. Respiratory system Structure and function Function: primarily gas exchange

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Mary Ryan Structure: ➔ nasal cavity – warms and moistens air, filters dust and microbes ➔ pharynx – divides into oesophagus and the larynx ➔ larynx – (voice box) contains vocal cords creating speech when air is exhaled ➔ trachea – (windpipe) smooth muscle allows it to expand and contract and supported by cartilage ➔ bronchi – two branches from trachea made of smooth muscle, supported by cartilage ➔ bronchioles - branch off from bronchi and carry air further into lungs ➔ alveoli - branch off from bronchioles, covered in capillaries where gas exchange occurs ➔ diaphragm – involuntary smooth muscle which contracts and relaxes to facilitate breathing ➔ pleura – lines chest cavity, diaphragm and lungs. Space in between them holds fluid to reduce friction when breathing Lung function (inspiration, expiration) Inspiration: increases the volume of air in the lungs, decreases the pressure Expiration: decreases volume of air in the lungs, increases the pressure Exchange of gases (internal, external) Diffusion: gases will move from areas of high concentration to low concentration to achieve balance. Internal: systemic circulation, diffusion of oxygen and co2 through the capillaries of cells throughout the body External: occurs in pulmonary circulation, transports co2 out of the body and oxygen in through alveoli. 4. Circulatory system Components of blood ➔ Plasma: 55% of blood - made up of 90% of water - function: carries cells around the body, keeps muscles hydrated during exercise ➔ Red blood cells (erythrocytes): - produced in bone marrow - function: carry o2 around body via haemoglobin, carry by-products away from muscles during exercise ➔ white blood cells (leukocytes): - 1 WBC: 700 RBCs - Larger than RBC - Produced in bone marrow - Function: fight infection and disease, white blood cells increase during exercise ➔ Platelets: - very small, less than 1: 700 RBCs - function: form blood clots to prevent infection and blood loss, prevent bleeding of muscle tears Structure and function of the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries ➔ Heart: ● Structure and function: - “right side”: receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it into the lungs > Right atrium: receives blood from veins (vena cava) > Tricuspid valve: prevents backflow > Right ventricle: pumps blood away from the heart into arteries (pulmonary artery) > Pulmonic valve: prevents backflow - Septum: separates two sides - “left side”: receives oxygenated blood and pumps it out to the rest of the body (has a thicker muscu...