Pdhpe Study notes hsc 2021 year 12 year of covid PDF

Preview

Summary

pdh hsc study notes year of covid summary notes up to preventative taping thank you very much i hope these...

Description

PDHPE HSC Study Notes Sports Medicine

How are sports injuries classified and managed? Ways to classify sports injuries -Direct and Indirect  

Direct: An injury sustained at the site of external force e.g bruised leg from a cricket ball Indirect: Is sustained from an internal force often generated by muscles can also include transferred force from outside e.g. sprains and stains

-Soft and Hard Tissue   

Soft: Occurs to soft tissue in body everything except teeth and bones e.g. muscles, ligaments, tendons, skin, organs Hard: Injuries to bone or teeth Overuse : Constant repetition of a particular movement which develops from smaller injury over time; not allowing enough recovery time

Soft Tissue Injuries -Tears, Sprains and Contusions   

Sprain: Tear that occurs to a ligament often caused by a external force Strain: Tear that occurs in a muscle- “pulled muscle” normally caused by an internal force Contusion: Capillaries ruptured causing internal bleeding caused through internal forces being imbalanced

-Skin abrasions, lacerations, and blisters   

Skin abrasion: scraping or wearing away of skin often not deep Clean wound, wash with disinfectant and apply non stick dressing Laceration: Deep cut or tear to the skin resulting from external force Manage bleeding, apply pressure to area Blister: Caused by friction or burning leading to build up of serum under skin Cover with padding, Remove object causing friction , don’t pop blister

-Inflammatory Response 

Phase 1: Acute inflammation is fast and painful Vasodilation of blood vessels Secondary damage caused by inflammatory response New blood vessels developed, area swollen, red



Phase 2: Repair inflammation Body begins to fix damage to injured site White blood cells clean up injury debris Scar tissue produced in repair



Phase 3: Remodelling Inflammation

More scar tissue produced Can last many months Athlete not fully healed till this phase is over Redness, swelling, pain, heat, loss of function

-Hard Tissue Injuries      

Fractures Simple: closed inside the body doesn’t break Compound: Open pierces the skin more than 1 tissue Complicated: Causes further damage to nerves, organs, vessels Hairline: a microscopic fracture which can often go undetected until overuse Greenstick: a partial fracture, where the bone has not completely cracked Oblique: are slanted fractures when the force has come from anything other than a right angle

Dislocation When there is an abnormal separation in a joint -Assessment of Injuries TOTAPS Talk Gather as much info about the injury as possible Observe Compare both limbs or sides of the body in order to observe abnormalities Touch Look to see where pain begins along limb or injured side Active Movement Ask casualty to move injured area Range of motion Passive Movement You move injured area Apply force to the area Skills Test Determine if injury can undergo forces

How does sports medicine address the demands of specific athletes? -Children and Young Athletes

Asthma Inflammation of the airways leading to contractions of the bronchioles Signs are fast breathing, tugging of the tracheal notch and gagging sensation Requires ventilin and to sit them down Diabetes Type 1: caused by autoimmune disease Type 2: condition caused by lifestyle such as physical inactivity and poor diet Signs are light headed, unconscious, lethargic, Pale First aid procedures are insulin injections, sugary foods and drinks and eating before and after sport Epilepsy Disruption of normal brain activity that results in seizures Communication between nerve cells becomes scrambled Signs are eye twitching, muscles twitching, First aid procedures are medication, limiting dangers around individual, STOP Thermoregulation Maintenance of a stable core body temperature Hot days   

Can be broken into quarters to improve fluids Played in the morning to avoid heat of the day Sunscreen and clothing with good air flow

Appropriateness of resistance training   

Low resistance with high repetitions of a full range of movements Up to 12 strength training should involve only light weight body exercises Slowly introduce heavier weights no more than 10-15 reps

-Adult and aged athletes Heart Conditions Include    

High blood pressure Cardio vascular disease Angina: chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart Heart valve disease

Fractures and bone density When weak or brittle bones often cant be absorbed therefore new bone cant be formed

Can be caused by:     

Genetics Small size Inadequate diet Early menopause Poor physical activity levels

Calcium Vitamin D, Phosphorus, Sodium and Protein are among the key nutrients for good bone health Flexibility and joint mobility Poor flexibility and joint mobility can lead to muscle tightness, joint stiffness and inability to complete regular daily activities An adult or aged athlete can participate in sports such as tai chi, yoga, lawn bowls to maintain a healthy lifestyle

Female Athletes Female athletes have special dietary needs including increased iron and calcium requirements as iron levels are depleted by physical training and menstruation Eating Disorders Decrease energy and nutrient intake which negatively affects health and sports performance Can be cause by pressures to conform to ideal body shapes in sports such as:    

Martial arts Gymnastics Ballet MMA

Iron deficiency    

Caused by decreased nutrient intake and loss of iron through menstruation Iron is a key nutrient for sports performance- required in order to allow haemoglobin ti take right path so that it can combine with oxygen and transport it around the body Results from: Bleeding, lack of iron I diet Feelings of lethargic, less motivated to train an often activity will not last long

Bone density    

Amount of minerals per square cm of bone Indicator of osteoperosis Potent issue in females as oestrogen levels drop leading to decrease in mineral counts Can be improved through proper diet, weight bearing and resistance training

Pregnancy

    

Affects body including increase in relaxin (greater flexibility) Greater range of motion at joints Care should be taken regarding physical activity with jumping, frequent changes of direction or jumping Blood volume and haemoglobin levels increase Better oxygen delivery if muscles are working during exercise

What role do preventative actions play in enhancing the wellbeing of an athlete? -Physical Preparation Pre-screening Stage 1 Aim is to identify individuals with a known disease who may be at high risk of an adverse reaction occurring during physical activity

Stage 2 Identify individuals with risk factors assisting exercise

Stage 3 Baseline measurements of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors Skill and technique Three stages of skill acquisition:   

Cognitive: development of knowledge and intellectual skills required Associative: begins to understand requirements of skills and becomes more consistent Autonomous: athlete does not have to think about the skill being performed allowing them to focus on surroundings

Physical fitness Needs to be at level to manage demands of the given sport Components of physical fitness Health related Cardiorespiratory endurance Muscular strength Muscular strength Flexibility, body composition

Warm up, stretching and cool down

Skill related Power Speed Agility Balance Reaction Time Coordination

Warm up involves general whole-body movements at a low intensity slowly increasing to prepare body for physical activity ahead. Stretching increases flexibility, helps prevent injury and promote wellbeing    

Ballistic: bouncing stretch mix of static and dynamic Static: holding in one position for a period of time Dynamic: motion PNF: applying forces opposite ways

Should remain specific to that sport e.g. dynamic stretches for sports with continual movement such as football, netball, tennis Cool down should begin at vigorous intensity and slowly decrease in intensity to move blood back to the heart and return heartbeat to resting rate -Sports Policy and sports environment

Rules of sports and activities   

Designed in order to promote safety and wellbeing of the athlete As sport increases in intensity court becomes smaller and there are more frequent breaks Illegal contact help promote wellbeing of an athlete

Modified rules for children   

Make sports safer for children and enhance wellbeing Rules require modification to cater for children’s underdeveloped sweat glands and poor ability to regulate temperature Great access to fluids, less distance, balls they can kick to enhance enjoyment of particular sport and minimise stress on body

Safe grounds, equipment and facilities Equipment should suit athlete using it and it allows correct equipment helps decrease occurrence of overuse injuries Slippery surfaces dangerous if athlete is required to jump and change direction quickly

-Environmental considerations Convection: heat transferred by mass motion of air or water, when the heated fluid moves away from the source of heat Radiation: transfer of internal energy in the form of electromagnetic waves Conduction: transfer of heat between 2 objects in contact with each other- from hotter to cooler Evaporation: Transfer of heat from our body to sweat used as the body’s mechanism for heat loss More humid the air the less effective evaporation is

-Climatic conditions

Humidity  

Refers to the water concentration in the atmosphere, the more concentrated or humid the climatic conditions the less effective sweat and evaporation is Greatly increase likelihood of hyperthermia due to body’s temperature regulators mechanisms being hindered

Wind   

Increase loss of heat through conviction Affects the movement of equipment possibly causing danger to athletes Cold conditions increase likelihood of hypothermia and cause greater heat to be lost through radiation, conduction and convection

Rain   

Increases heat loss through convection as water moves across surface of the skin Causes high humidity in the air Creates slippery surfaces therefore increasing the risk of injury

Altitude    

Oxygen concentration lowered as altitude increases Greater radiation at higher altitudes, increasing risk of sunburn Ability to jump is increased higher up Performance will decrease if body not acclimatised due to less oxygen moving into the blood and being transported into the muscle

-Fluid intake      

If an athlete loses more than 2% of body weight through sweat, temperature rises, heart is placed under stress Methods used to monitor hydration levels include urine colour and measuring body weight before and after exercise 90-240ml required every 15-20 mins for activity less than 60 minutes 90-240ml sports drink every 15-20 mins for activity more than 60 mins Hyponatremia- overhydrating Replace fluid loss within 2 hours, approx. 1.5L for each kg lost

-Acclimitisation 

When an athlete needs to adjust to a change in environment e.g. weather, temperature, humidity, altitude

-Taping and Bandaging Preventative taping When an athlete tapes a joint such as an ankle in order to prevent an injury from occurring often when they have a history of injury in a particular joint Goals for taping in the treatment of injury include:  

Limit range of motion Provide proprioceptive feedback to stimulate muscles for stability

 

Increase stability of the joint Compress soft tissue to reduce inflammation...