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PERDEV REVIEWERUNIT III. BUILDING AND MAINTAINING RELATIONSHIPSMODULE 10 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS IN MIDDLE ANDLATE ADOLESCENCESOCIAL DEVELOPMENT - is one of the phases an adolescent has to faceFRIENDS- Peers are the important source of emotional support as the person struggles to establish his/her iden...

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PERDEV REVIEWER UNIT III. BUILDING AND MAINTAINING RELATIONSHIPS MODULE 10 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS IN MIDDLE AND LATE ADOLESCENCE

ADOLESCENT REBELLION- When the adolescent experience identity confusion, he may not be able to know oneself better, unable to form closeness (with others), and may not be able to follow family or community values. Risk-taking behaviors manifested in adolescent rebellion can be in the forms of the following: 

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT- is one of the phases an adolescent has to face

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FRIENDS- Peers are the important source of emotional support as the person struggles to establish his/her identity and overcome confusions.

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CLIQUES- Their circle of friends gives them the opportunity to experiment and to achieve independence from parents.

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Early Pregnancy & Sexually Transmitted Infections (as discussed from the previous chapter). Alcohol / Drug Abuse – teenagers use alcohol or drugs to lessen their feelings of anxiety, or because their friends do it. Parents may also lack supervision. School Failure / Dropping Out – usually because they feel indifferent from school, does not like the teacher, financial problem, suspension or expulsion. Crime, Delinquency & Violence – commit lawbreaking act impulsively like shoplifting, gambling, vandalism, etc.

YOUNG ADOLESCENCE (12-13 YEARS OLD)- the person has one primary peer group with whom s/he shares a certain similar aspect like gender (Example: All girl group). The involvement in the group and the influence of peers are at its height. How others see them is also very important for them. They are more prone to risk taking behaviors like trying drugs or displaying parental rebellion. The involvement of parents/adults may be to help adolescents resist peer pressure.

PEER PRESSURE- They want to gain the approval of their peers because they want to be accepted and increase their status in the group. They also do not want to be rejected. This insecurity stems from the identity confusion most teenagers undergo. Some studies have shown that adolescent rebellion is fairly uncommon in the middle class and well-adjusted teens especially if there is a positive family atmosphere.

MIDDLE ADOLESCENCE- Cliques become gender-mixed. There will be lesser conformity and more accepting of their differences in terms of their looks, feelings and beliefs.

STRONG IDENTITY If the person develops it, s/he will have faith in his/her moral principles, can freely decide how to behave, trust peers and adults who give advices regarding goals and ambitions, and confidence in one’s choice.

LATE ADOLESCENCE- teenagers will develop more intimate and dyadic (one-on-one) relationships SCHOOL- school is students’ second home. It is a critical setting for adolescents because this is where friendship starts to develop and it gives opportunity to develop cognitive skills. COMMUNITY- A community is a unified body of individuals who live in the same area such as city, town or neighborhood. Its characteristics in which teenagers live have a strong impact on one’s development following characteristics of the community deemed important to provide support and opportunity for adolescents:      

Socioeconomic status – employment, education Type of resources available – childcare, medical resources, employment opportunities Service systems – schools, police stations Religious organizations – church, youth for Christ Media People who live in the community

IDENTITY VERSUS ROLE CONFUSION ERIK ERIKSON’S (psychosocial development)- adolescents face a developmental crisis of identity versus role confusion. This is when the teenager is confused between a sense of who they are and who they want to be. They are looking for new roles to help them discover their sexual, moral and job-related identities.

SOCIAL INFLUENCE- As adolescents continue to explore the world and discover themselves, interaction with people in their everyday lives is an essential aspect of growing up. These interactions provide many opportunities for the presence of other people that may or may not have a direct influence on the behavior, feelings and thoughts of each individual. The process of social influence that can take on many forms. a. Conformity – when a person can be influenced by another person to follow along with the latter’s actions or thoughts. b. Compliance – following a desired behavior despite hesitation to change. It results from other people directing or imposing the change. c. Obedience – a change in a behavior due to following an order from an authoritative figure. Example is obeying the request of the parents to wash the dishes.

CONFORMIST FOLLOWERS- As teenagers are more easily influenced, they patronize almost everything and sometimes, unfortunately, even the bad features. They are the “yes” people or those who are devoted to the leader and do not think to question the leader’s directions and will protect him or her strongly.

FORSYTH (2014) LEADERSHIP- is the process by which the person guides another person in their group goals, often by organizing, directing, coordinating, supporting, and motivating their efforts. Leaders are important because they can make a difference since people assume that leaders are influential. BRUCE AVOLIO AND BASS (1995) THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF LEADERSHIP: a) Transformational – type of leadership that occurs when leaders and followers interact with one another to create a vision towards future goals. b) Transactional – follower and the leader cooperates with one another in the search of a goal but their relationship is based on an exchange of resources. Example: time, money, help, and instructions c) Passive/Avoidant – leaders are uninvolved in the group activity. They do not take any action until mistakes are brought to their attention. They are often absent when needed, ignore followers’ requests for help and do not share their views to others.

UNIT III. BUILDING AND MAINTAINING RELATIONSHIPS MODULE 11 FAMILY STRUCTURES AND LEGACIES FAMILY- is the basic unit of society PARENTS- provide the values that are important for their children to learn as future citizens. FREUD- personality is greatly affected by past experiences. CICARELLI & WHITE (2012)- the role of the family is very important because it plays an active part in the development of the person. ATTACHMENT- is very important in the development of the infant especially during the first 6 months of his/her life. This is formed through the emotional bond between the primary caretaker and the child. MARY AINSWORTH- had an experiment related to attachment wherein the infant was exposed to a series of leave-takings and returns of the mother and a stranger. She called the experiment “The Strange Situation”. From this experiment, Ainsworth was able to identify 4 ATTACHMENT STYLES: a. Secure b. Avoidant c. Ambivalent d. Disorganized

THE 3 COMMON STYLES AUTHORITARIAN- parenting is when the parent is excessively concerned with rules. They are usually the parents who demands perfection, become too controlling, do not make or accept any viewpoint other than their own, and are inclined to use physical punishment with their children. Teenagers who experience authoritarian parenting have a bigger tendency to be rebellious. They may engage in criminal acts (juvenile delinquency), drug use or premarital sex. AUTHORITATIVE- parenting happens when the parents both have firm limits on their children’s behavior with love, affection and warmth. They are willing to listen and may consider their children’s viewpoint. There is democracy in the family where the child is allowed to have some input into the formation of rules. They set the limits and when the child crossed it, they permit an explanation. PERMISSIVE- parenting can be demonstrated through giving very few rules or demands to their children. Permissive parenting can either be neglectful or indulgent. PERMISSIVE NEGLECTFUL- parents ignore their children and allow them to do whatever they want. Although it may seem to be good news for some but this kind of relationship tends to become abusive. PERMISSIVE INDULGENT- parents are those that are too involved with their children. They allow their children to behave in any way they want. Parents do not require any kind of obedience. And because of this, their children are inclined to be selfish, immature, dependent, and lacks social skills. There are several family structures that can be observed in the family and these are as follows: NUCLEAR FAMILY- is a family structure that is composed of a father, mother and children. This family structure is based on mutual understanding and sympathy. This family structure emphasizes the marital bond that motivate the parents to work out a harmonious relationship together with their children. The children in the family occupy the center of interest and enjoy advantages of being loved by their parents. A FAMILY WITH ONLY ONE PARENT- This type of family is sometimes referred to as single parent family. In this family structure, children are headed by a parent who is widowed, divorced or who has never married. Most of the children under this arrangement become rebellious compared to the children who are with their both parents. EXTENDED FAMILY- is composed of two or more nuclear families economically and socially related to each other. This may include other relatives such as grandparents, aunts and uncles. In this type of family, a member can turn to his/her relatives for help in time of crisis. The children enjoy the care and affection they received not only from their parents but from the other relatives as well. SINGH & UDAINIYA (2009)- Adolescents living in joint families have more healthy relationships and are more prepared than those living in nuclear families.

UNIT IV. CAREER DEVELOPMENT

and satisfying career and life, while a wrong selection may result in dissatisfaction, sadness or even failure in life.

MODULE 12 PERSONS AND CAREERS CAREER- selection of career is one of the most important decisions that one has to make. A career could serve as a determining factor that could predict future performance of an individual in the field of work. An individual may spend a significant period of time to complete it but once it is finished it could provide opportunities for success as long as there is determination and hard work. Who are the people who can help decide which career to choose? 

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Family: Most of the time, our parents have already an idea on what they want for us to be in the future. This is the source of inspiration and guidance for most people. Teachers: The knowledge and experiences gained in school can help make a decision. Counselor: This is the guidance counselor at school. They can provide Career Orientation Program which can help students make a decision regarding the career choice. It is done through various psychological tests that will determine the best career choices that best fits the individual.

Four (4) types of Career Development theories have been made to explain how a person chooses a particular field to pursue: TRAIT FACTOR (FRANK PARSON & E.G WILLIAMSON 1900’S)- This theory is considered as the basis of numerous aptitude tests and career counseling approachesThis theory explains that a person can select a particular career or job in the future if there is a match between his traits and the abilities, standards, morals, interest and personality. PSYCHOLOGICAL (JOHN HOLLAND) This second theory of Career Development was proposed by. It is considered as the succession of the Trait Factor Theory as discussed above. In this theory, six (6) personality categories have been identified. These are REALISTIC, INVESTIGATIVE, SOCIAL, CONVENTIONAL, ENTERPRISING AND ARTISTIC. According to Holland, these six categories were all present in every person. Although only one category will dominate, still three other categories might be visible. This can explain why many high school students say that they are interested to take up one course but also have an interest in other course. DECISION (ALBERT BANDURA’S THEORY) This theory is in line with about self-efficacy as the predictor of behavior. Bandura believes that self-efficacy is part of motivation. Self-efficacy is the belief of oneself that he or she can do a particular task. The theory expands the notion that a person has control over own thoughts, beliefs and actions. DEVELOPMENTAL OR THE LIFE-SPAN OR LIFE-SPACE THEORY (DONALD SUPER) This theory states that humans are constantly experiencing new life challenges and as people undergo uncertainties in life, they learn new things. Success or failure in life comes from the choice of career of an individual and the goals they want to attain. A correct choice may lead to successful, prosperous

Writing Smart Goals, to be more effective, life goals should follow the: SMART mnemonic which stands for: S-Specific M-Measurable A-Attainable R-Realistic T-Time-Bound CUSEO, THOMPSON, MCLAUGHLIN AND MOONO (2010) setting effective goals involves a four-step sequence. This fourstep process for effective goal setting applies to more than just educational goals. It is a strategic process that one can apply to any goal you set at any stage of your life. They are: Step 1: Self-Awareness. Recognizing the talent, abilities, and interests can help define an individual. Belief in oneself is also important because this will serve as a motivation to push forward. Knowing that one has the ability to perform a task because he was trained or probably exposed to it gives the individual an edge. Self-awareness is the most important step making any important life choice or decision. Step 2: Options. These are the choices that are made available for the selection. In every decision that one has to make, there would always be options to choose from. This will help gauge the drive of the individual in choosing it. There should be bases for the selection like importance and practicality. Step 3: Suitability. This is the awareness that the one’s career choice fits one’s personal abilities, interests, values and needs. A mismatched should be avoided because this will hinder the person from achieving his goals. Step 4: The Process. These are the steps to take to reach your goals. Mental preparation and physical preparation are important to achieve the goals. Learn everything about the career, the challenges and the opportunities because these will be your best defense. (BAER, FLEXER, LUFT, AND SIMMONS, 2008)- This may include the growth and development during childhood and changes that is associated with it, the formal schooling when the he enters college, and the other challenges that he may encounter on daily basis involving his career. This may continue throughout a person’s life as a member of the society’s workforce and may even extend up to his retirement PLOTNIK & KOUYOUMDJIAN (2012)- An individual may experience being confused in choosing his role or he may just choose to establish his own identiy.

UNIT IV. CAREER DEVELOPMENT MODULE 13 CAREER PATHWAYS The important factors to consider are the following: 1. INTERESTS: It is important to identify the opportunities at present to pursue the topics that you are most naturally drawn to. Sustaining one’s interest serve as strong motivation to continue with the course. Examples: Arts, Music, Science, Mathematics among others. 2. VALUES: It motivates a person toward certain decisions, behaviors and goals. 3. SKILLS: Assessing the skills that one possesses and knows that he is good at will measure his abilities and capabilities. This will also determine which skills one needs to improve or develop to match with the career choice. 4. PERSONALITY PREFERENCES & INTERPERSONAL NEEDs: Understanding personality and interpersonal needs allows the person to have a clear understanding with decisions that you make. 5. FINANCIAL CAPABILITY: Deciding on a course to take in college may entail a big cut off the family’s budget. According to Beverly Baskin, career counselors may assist in matching the innate skills and abilities of an individual making a longterm or even a short-term goal in his career. In matching interests with careers, counselors may use career/interest inventories like the SELF-DIRECTED SEARCH BY DR. JOHN HOLLAND, a noted psychologist and career theorist. The test is also called HOLLAND’S VOCATIONAL PERSONALITY TYPES.

RATHUS (2012)- The objective of this test is to obtain insights into which vocation matches the person’s interests

ENTERPRISING (E) PATHWAY – compose mostly of job involving sales. They can work in multinational corporations and they can also work in small and medium businesses, Examples are Salesperson, Manager, Business Executive, or Television Producer. CONVENTIONAL (C) PATHWAY – they are good with arithmetic abilities. Possible career paths include Bookkeeper, Financial Analyst or Accountant. There are quite a number of interest tests that could measure one’s inclination or preference towards a certain career. Taking these types of test could help an individual choose a course based on the results of such tests.

UNIT IV. CAREER DEVELOPMENT MODULE 14 INSIGHTS INTO ONE’S PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT BASED ON RANDAL HANSEN the following are seven tips which will help lead you to success from high school to college — and beyond: 1. DO NOT STOP AT HIGH SCHOOL – continuous education is one of the key to success, whether it is a four (4) year course or a two (2) year course. 2. FINALIZE COLLEGE PLAN – discuss this with family and friends and match it with your interests. Choose the school, college or university that best suits your needs. 3. AVOID THE SENIOR SLUMP – grades matter in senior high school, so it is better to give your best and aim for high grades. 4. CHALLENGE YOURSELF – keep challenging yourself to make you better. Advance courses that may be beneficial for your career choice are offered by some schools and universities.

DR. HOLLAND- according to him, people can be classified into six (6) different groups or personality types namely: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising and Conventional.

5. STAY INVOLVED – active participation in extra-curricular activities will help develop your skills and potentials. It can also increase self-confidence and boost morale.

REALISTIC (R) PATHWAY – involves hand skills as well as the use of one’s physical skills. Possible career paths include Engineer or Mechanic or other skilled profession.

6. STRIVE FOR BALANCE – try to balance your academics and your extra-curricular activities. Time management is also important make it work for you.

INVESTIGATIVE (I) PATHWAY – focus on ideas, investigation, research, and technical activities. Possible career paths include Physician, Analyst, Technical Writer and Medical Technologist.

7. SET LIFE AND CAREER GOALS – the road to success is not an easy path to take. Setting goals is important to keep you on the right track.

THE ARTISTIC (A) PATHWAY – exhibits creativity, expressiveness and being a non-conformist. Possible career paths include Musician, Interior Decorator SOCIAL (S) PATHWAY - likes to engage in Care-Giving activities, Group Activities and Social Events, Teaching, and Leadership. Possible career paths include preparation as a Counselor, Psychologist or Speech Therapist.

KATHERINE BRADLEY- according to her, before a student finishes high school, they need to accomplish the following goals: 

BECOME A LIFELONG LEARNER One of the major goals of some schools is for their students to develop lifelong learning. Teachers give necessary ideas that could help students understand the value of becoming a lifelong learner. This can be done by giving students chances to showcase their critical-thinking skills, understand self-empowerment,

and create an enduring personal and collaborative relationship with other people. In addition, teachers help students understand the role of social and cultural diversity in promoting oppo...