Periodontal probe its markings and importancee PDF

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Periodontal probe its markings and importancee and uses in diagnosis of pockets and periodontal diseases it s history other probes are given...

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CONTENTS 1.

INTRODUCTION

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

INTRODUCTION

 The word probe is derived from the latin word ‘probo’ which means to ‘test’  Orban et al described periodontal probe as the ‘eye of the operator beneath the gingival margin’  One of the most reliable and convenient ways of detecting measuring and assessing the status of periodontal disease activity is through the use of periodontal probes

 HISTORICAL ASPECTS 1882- John M Riggs 1st described periodontal probe as a periodontal diagnostic instrument  1924 –the 3rd edition of GV Blacks special dental pathology published in 1924 mentions the use of very thin explorers to determine the depth of pockets  1925- diagnosis of pyorrhoea by measuring pocket depth using periodontal probe by FV Simoton of the university of California San Francisco  1992 – the 1st classification of periodontal probes by B.L Philstrom (1st to 3rd generations of probes)

 2000 – Watts added 4th & 5th generations

PARTS OF PERIODONTAL PROBE A periodontal probe has 3 parts  WORKING END –does the work of the instrument  SHANK –connects the handle to the working end & allows the adaptation of working end to tooth surface  HANDLE – used for grasping the instrument

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROBE  MILLIMETRE MARKINGS – grooves , colour indentations or coloured bands may be used to indicate the mm markings  COLOUR CODING- colour coded probes are marked in bands (often black colour) with each band being several mm in width  WORKING END – curved or straight  WEIGHT –hollow handles :increased tactile transfer & minimize fatigue

-solid handles :reduce tactile transfer and increase fatigue

USES OF THE PERIODONTAL PROBE  Used to detect and measure periodontal pockets and clinical attachment loss  To locate calculus  To measure gingival recession  To measure width of attached gingiva  To measure size of intraoral lesions  To locate and measure furcation involvement  To determine bleeding tendencies

NIDCR CRITERIA (National institute for dental & craniofacial research )  8 criteria for overcoming the limitations of conventional probing criteria

LIMITATIONS

CONVENTIONAL

NIDCR Criteria

Precision

1.0mm

0.1mm

Range

12.0mm

10.0mm

Probing

Non standardised

Constant

Applicability

Non invasive

Non invasive

Reach

Easy to access

Easy to access

Angulation

Subjective

Guidance system

Reach out

Voice dictation & recording

Direct electronic reading

Security

Easily sterilized

Complete sterilisation

PERIODONTAL PROBE GENERATIONS 1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generation

classified by Philstrom et al in 1992 for consistency in use & academic purposes

4th generation 5th generation

added by Watts in 2000

1st GENERATION PROBE  Conventional or manual  Made up of stainless steel or plastic

 Working end is either rounded ,tapered, flat ,rectangular with smooth ends  Working end may be curved to engage furcation's  Calibrations in mm  They have no pressure or force measuring device attached

TYPES OF 1ST GENERATION PROBE 1. Williams probe 2. Goldman fox probe 3. Glickman probe 4. Merritt A and B probes 5. University of Michigan O probe 6. The university of north Carolina probe (UNC 15) 7. Community periodontal index of treatment need (CPITN) 8. Marquis colour coded probe 9. Naber’s probe 10.LL-20 probe (Hu-Friedy) 11.Colour coded polymeric probes

1.WILLIAMS PROBE  Introduced by Charles H.M Williams in 1936  Prototype of 1st generation probe

 Stainless steel probe  1 mm diameter,13 mm length with blunt tip  The angle between the handle & probe tip is 130 degree  Graduations :1,2,3,5,7,8,9,10 mm  4 mm & 6 mm readings are missing to improve visibility and avoid confusion in reading the markings

2.GOLDMAN-FOX PROBE  Similar markings as that of Williams probe with flat tip

3.GLICKMAN PROBE  Round tip with longer shank

4.MERRITT A AND B PROBES  Round tip with Single bend in shank

5.UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN O PROBE  Round fine narrow diameter tip  Markings at 3,6,8 mm

6.THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PROBE (UNC-15)  15 mm length  With millimeter marking at each millimeter  Color coding at 5th , 10th , 15th millimeters

7.COMMUNITY PERIODONTAL INDEX OF TREATMENT NEEDS (CPITN)  Designed by George S Beagrie and Jukka Ainamo in1978  Used in epidemiological studies  To record CPITN index recommended by WHO  Color coding from 3.5 to 5.5 mm  0.5 mm diameter ball tip  2 types

CPITN E (epidemiological)-3.5 mm & 5.5 mm markings CPITN C (clinical)- 3.5, 5.5, 8.5, 11.5 mm markings

8.MARQUIS COLOUR CODED PROBE

 Slim tip  Straight or curved designs  Calibrations are in 3mm section



9.NABER’S PROBE  Blunt tip & Curved working end  Colour coded with markings at 3, 6, 9, & 12 mm  Used to measure furcation involvement

10.LL-20 PROBE (HU-FRIEDY)  Tip of 0.5 mm diameter & rounded end  Marked in increments up to 20 mm  Thick black markings at 4, 9, 14, & 19 mm to facilitate reading 11.COLOUR CODED POLYMERIC PROBES  For probing around implants  Minimize scratching on metal surface

ADVANTAGES  Easily available  Inexpensive  Tactile sensitivity preserved  Tip is rounded to avoid tissue trauma  Colour coded for easier & faster identification of readings DISADVANTAGE  Heavy  Probing force is not controlled  Errors during visualizing the readings is possible  An assistant is needed to transfer the readings to the chart

2ND GENERATION PROBE(constant pressure)

 There was no standardization of pressure applied in 1st generation probes to overcome this 2nd generation probe was developed  Pressure sensitive  Probing pressure...