Physiotherapy Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology- Health Sciences PDF

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Physiotherapy Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology- Health Sciences...

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Physiotherapy Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology- Health Sciences Cellular biology Levels of organisation…..

Organismal System Organ Tissue Cellular Organelles Molecular Atomic

What are four primary types of tissue class? 1) Nervous Main properties – excitable Main function – specialised for rapid signal conduction  they form neurons (communication, processing, networks) and glial cells (support) 2) Muscular Main properties – excitable Main function – specialised for contraction  Types of muscular tissue… - Skeletal muscle (voluntary, multinucleate, myofilaments precisely aligned) - Cardiac muscle (involuntary, mononucleate, branching, intercalated disks to aid signal transmitting between cells and bind muscle cells together) - Smooth muscle (involuntary, no striations, mononucleate) 3) Epithelial –  Main properties – cover organs and form glands Main functions – protect, secrete and absorb  Structural classification…. Simple epithelial tissue –  All simple epithelial tissue is one cell thick  there are 3 main types of simple epithelial cells, all with different shape nuclei  They have basal (facing basal membrane) and apical (facing external environment) specialisation  no blood vessels are in these types of cell Examples of each…

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Squamous found in kidney (glomeruli alveoli, filtrate substances in serosae) - Cuboidal found in kidney (tubules, small glands, ducts and secretory portions) - Columnar found in digestive tract (stomach-rectum, propels mucus by ciliary action) Stratified epithelia –  two or more cells thick  they regenerate from below as basal cells divide and migrate to the surface; this is the mechanism of epidermis replacement  more durable than simple epithelia  Physical protection is the major role 4) Connective – Main functions – Binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage. Main types of connective tissue are connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone and blood  Connective tissue is made of 3 main components, ground substance, cells and fibres (collagen, elastin)  common cells found… - ‘Blast’ cells, immature form, mitotically active, secrete ground substance fibres. Examples of these are fibroblasts (in connective tissue proper), chondroblasts (in cartilage) and osteoblasts (in bone). - ‘Clast’ cells break down connective tissue. Examples of these are osteoclast (in bone) and chondroblasts (in cartilage) - ‘Cyte’ cells, have a mature form and maintains (recycles/breakdown) ground substance. Examples chondrocytes (in cartilage) and osteocytes (in bone) Cell definition – ‘smallest structural or functional unit of an organism’ Organelles & main function -

Nucleus- contains DNA, blueprint of proteins Nucleolus- production of ribosome Ribosome- manufactures protein Rough ER- studded with mature ribosomes- ‘protein factory’ Smooth ER- lipid synthesis and detoxification Golgi apparatus- processing and packaging of proteins Mitochondrion- energy production- also heat production Lysosome- destruction of debris and waste products Cytoskeleton- structural support- internal organisation...