Piping Handbook (7th Edition) PDF

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CONTENTS Honors List xi Preface xvii How to Use This Handbook xix Part A: Piping Fundamentals Chapter A1. Introduction to Piping Mohinder L. Nayyar A.1 Chapter A2. Piping Components Ervin L. Geiger A.53 Chapter A3. Piping Materials James M. Tanzosh A.125 Chapter A4. Piping Codes and Standards Mohind...

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Piping Handbook (7th Edition) Sandi Subakti

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CONTENTS

Honors List xi Preface xvii How to Use This Handbook

xix

Part A: Piping Fundamentals Chapter A1. Introduction to Piping Mohinder L. Nayyar

A.1

Chapter A2. Piping Components Ervin L. Geiger

A.53

Chapter A3. Piping Materials James M. Tanzosh

A.125

Chapter A4. Piping Codes and Standards Mohinder L. Nayyar

A.179

Chapter A5. Manufacturing of Metallic Piping Daniel R. Avery and Alfred Lohmeier

A.243

Chapter A6. Fabrication and Installation of Piping Edward F. Gerwin

A.261

Chapter A7. Bolted Joints Gordon Britton

A.331

Chapter A8. Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe and Fittings Richard E. Deremiah

A.397

Chapter A9. Grooved and Pressfit Piping Systems Louis E. Hayden, Jr.

A.417

v

vi

CONTENTS

Chapter A10. Selection and Application of Valves Mohinder L. Nayyar, Dr. Hans D. Baumann

A.459

Part B: Generic Design Considerations Chapter B1. Hierarchy of Design Documents Sabin Crocker, Jr.

B.1

Chapter B2. Design Bases Joseph H. Casiglia

B.19

Chapter B3. Piping Layout Lawrence D. Lynch, Charles A. Bullinger, Alton B. Cleveland, Jr.

B.75

Chapter B4. Stress Analysis of Piping Dr. Chakrapani Basavaraju, Dr. William Saifung Sun

B.107

Chapter B5. Piping Supports Lorenzo Di Giacomo, Jr., Jon R. Stinson

B.215

Chapter B6. Heat Tracing of Piping Chet Sandberg, Joseph T. Lonsdale, J. Erickson

B.241

Chapter B7. Thermal Insulation of Piping Kenneth R. Collier, Kathleen Posteraro

B.287

Chapter B8. Flow of Fluids Dr. Tadeusz J. Swierzawski

B.351

Chapter B9. Cement-Mortar and Concrete Linings for Piping Richard E. Deremiah

B.469

Chapter B10. Fusion Bonded Epoxy Internal Linings and External Coatings for Pipeline Corrosion Protection Alan Kehr

B.481

Chapter B11. Rubber Lined Piping Systems Richard K. Lewis, David Jentzsch

B.507

CONTENTS

vii

Chapter B12. Plastic Lined Piping for Corrosion Resistance Michael B. Ferg, John M. Kalnins

B.533

Chapter B13. Double Containment Piping Systems Christopher G. Ziu

B.569

Chapter B14. Pressure and Leak Testing of Piping Systems Robert B. Adams, Thomas J. Bowling

B.651

Part C: Piping Systems Chapter C1. Water Systems Piping Michael G. Gagliardi, Louis J. Liberatore

C.1

Chapter C2. Fire Protection Piping Systems Russell P. Fleming, Daniel L. Arnold

C.53

Chapter C3. Steam Systems Piping Daniel A. Van Duyne

C.83

Chapter C4. Building Services Piping Mohammed N. Vohra, Paul A. Bourquin

C.135

Chapter C5. Oil Systems Piping Charles L. Arnold, Lucy A. Gebhart

C.181

Chapter C6. Gas Systems Piping Peter H. O. Fischer

C.249

Chapter C7. Process Systems Piping Rod T. Mueller

C.305

Chapter C8. Cryogenic Systems Piping Dr. N. P. Theophilos, Norman H. White, Theodore F. Fisher, Robert Zawierucha, M. J. Lockett, J. K. Howell, A. R. Belair, R. C. Cipolla, Raymond Dale Woodward

C.391

Chapter C9. Refrigeration Systems Piping William V. Richards

C.457

viii

CONTENTS

Chapter C10. Hazardous Piping Systems Ronald W. Haupt

C.533

Chapter C11. Slurry and Sludge Systems Piping Ramesh L. Gandhi

C.567

Chapter C12. Wastewater and Stormwater Systems Piping Dr. Ashok L. Lagvankar, John P. Velon

C.619

Chapter C13. Plumbing Piping Systems Michael Frankel

C.667

Chapter C14. Ash Handling Piping Systems Vincent C. Ionita, Joel H. Aschenbrand

C.727

Chapter C15. Compressed Air Piping Systems Michael Frankel

C.755

Chapter C16. Compressed Gases and Vacuum Piping Systems Michael Frankel

C.801

Chapter C17. Fuel Gas Distribution Piping Systems Michael Frankel

C.839

Part D: Nonmetallic Piping Chapter D1. Thermoplastics Piping Dr. Timothy J. McGrath, Stanley A. Mruk

Chapter D2. Fiberglass Piping Systems Carl E. Martin

D.1

D.79

Part E: Appendices Appendix E1. Conversion Tables Ervin L. Geiger

E.1

Appendix E2. Pipe Properties (US Customary Units) Dr. Chakrapani Basavaraju

E.13

CONTENTS

ix

Appendix E2M. Pipe Properties (Metric) Dr. Chakrapani Basavaraju

E.23

Appendix E3. Tube Properties (US Customary Units) Ervin L. Geiger

E.31

Appendix E3M. Tube Properties (Metric) Troy J. Skillen

E.37

Appendix E4. Friction Loss for Water in Feet per 100 Feet of Pipe

E.39

Appendix E4M. Friction Loss for Water in Meters per 100 Meters of Pipe Troy J. Skillen

E.59

Appendix E5. Acceptable Pipe, Tube and Fitting Materials per the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and the ASME Pressure Piping Code Jill M. Hershey

E.61

Appendix E6. International Piping Material Specifications R. Peter Deubler

E.69

Appendix E7. Miscellaneous Fluids and Their Properties Akhil Prakash E.83

Appendix E8. Miscellaneous Materials and Their Properties Akhil Prakash

E.101

Appendix E9. Piping Related Computer Programs and Their Capabilities Anthony W. Paulins

E.109

Appendix E10. International Standards and Specifications for Pipe, Tube, E.119 Fittings, Flanges, Bolts, Nuts, Gaskets and Valves Soami D. Suri

Index

I.1

PREFACE

It is with great sense of gratitude and humility I take this blessed moment to offer this Seventh Edition of Piping Handbook. The challenge presented by the success of the Sixth Edition, coupled with our objective to enhance its reference value and widen its scope, motivated us to reach out and draw upon the recognized expertise on piping related topics not covered in the Sixth Edition. In addition, we directed our synergetic efforts to upgrade the existing contents to include the latest advances and developments in the field of piping and related technologies. Fifteen (15) new chapters and nine (9) new appendixes have been added. These additions accord a unique status to this resource book as it covers piping related topics not covered in any one book. Inclusion of metric and/or SI units along with US customary units is intended to accommodate the growing needs of the shrinking world and the realities of the international market. We have maintained the familiar and easy to use format of the Sixth Edition. I consider myself fortunate to have the opportunity to associate and work with renowned and recognized specialists and leaders whose contributions are not limited to this Piping Handbook, but go far beyond. For me it has been a rewarding and enlightening experience. I find myself humbled by depth of their knowledge, practical experience, and professional achievements. These distinguished contributors have offered the sum total of their know how in the form of guidance, cautions, prohibitions, recommendations, practical illustrations, and examples, which should be used prudently with due consideration for application requirements. The strength, authenticity, and utility of this reference book lie in the wide spread diversity of their expertise and unity of their professionalism. Based upon the feedback received over the past seven years from the users of the Sixth Edition of this handbook, I feel honored to express my and users gratitude to all the contributors for their commitment to their profession and their higher goal of helping others. They have made the difference. Their spirit of giving back has not only continued, but has brought in new contributors to expand the scope and enhance the utility of this handbook. I feel confident that all the contributors shall enjoy the professional satisfaction and the gratitude of users of this handbook. The selfless efforts of all the reviewers listed in the Honors List are of great significance in making improvements in presentation of the subject matter. The extent of their experience, knowledge, and an insight of topics has been instrumental in extracting the best out of contributors and upgrading the contents of this handbook. The contributors and reviewers have earned a distinguished status. I salute their commitment; admire their efforts; respect their professionalism; and applaud their achievements. I want to recognize their perseverance, dedication, hard work and sincerity of their commitment in spite of increasing demands on their time. I am indebted to the members of the editorial team who spent countless hours and made personal sacrifices to make this team project a reality. Jill Hershey, Troy Skillen, and Soami Suri did not spare any effort to not only fulfill their commitment, but went beyond to accomplish the objectives. They offered constructive comments, xvii

xviii

PREFACE

new ideas and energy to support them. In addition to contributing, they assisted me in reviewing, editing, checking and correcting the manuscript. Furthermore, they provided an objective assessment of needs of progressive professionals involved in piping related fields. Their efforts reinforced my faith in bright future of our profession. The support and assistance provided by Ervin L. Geiger and Sabin Crocker, Jr., as Associate Editors, is key to the successful completion of this effort. Each and every individual providing administrative, technical and automation services, listed in Honors List, kept the entire process moving smoothly by their sincere efforts. Linda Ludewig, Peggy Lamb, and the others at McGraw-Hill could not be better or more cooperative in accommodating our reasonable and unreasonable requests in producing this handbook to the best of their abilities. Whenever you, the readers and users of this handbook, find it to be of help in your mission, please thank the contributors, reviewers, technical, administrative and automation personnel listed in the Honors List, and the editorial and production staff of McGraw-Hill. If, at any time, this handbook falls short of your expectations, please do not hesitate to pass it on to me. It will help us improve the contents and their utility. I shall owe you my gratitude. I take pride in recognizing the active support of my daughters, Mukta and Mahak; and my son, Manav; who helped me in researching and collecting data; preparing manuscript; reviewing proof pages; and performing other tasks, as needed. This time they not only allowed me to devote their share of my life to this handbook, but also dedicated a part of their life to it. My wife, Prabha, provided the proverbial support a spouse can hope for, in doing and accomplishing what I aimed for. No words can convey my feelings and thoughts for her contributions. Mohinder L. Nayyar

HOW TO USE THIS HANDBOOK

As with any handbook, the user of this handbook can seek the topic covered either with the help of the table of contents or the index. However, an understanding of the organization and the format of this handbook will enhance its utility. The handbook is organized in five parts: Part A, Piping Fundamentals: There are ten chapters in Part A, numbered Al through A10, dealing with commonly used terminology associated with piping units—U.S. Customary units and metric/SI units, piping components, materials, piping codes and standards, manufacturing of piping, fabrication and installation of piping, bolted joints, prestressed concrete piping, and grooved and Pressfit piping systems, Each chapter is a self-contained unit. The chapter numbers, figures and tables sequentially preceded. For example, in the case of Chapter Al, the figures are numbered as Fig. A1.1, Fig. A1.2, and so on, and tables are numbered as Table A1.1, Table A1.2, and so on. Pages are numbered sequentially throughout each part, starting with A.1. Part B, Generic Design Considerations: The Part B consists of fourteen chapters. The topics covered deal with generic design considerations, which may be applicable to any piping system irrespective of the fluid or the mixture carried by the piping. The generic topics are design documents, design bases, piping layout, stress analysis, piping supports, heat tracing, thermal insulation, and flow of fluids. In addition, the lined piping systems: cement, rubber, epoxy and plastic lined piping systems are included to provide guidance when corrosion is a concern. A chapter on double containment piping systems provides needed guidance to handle hazardous fluids. The last chapter in Part B deals with pressure testing of piping systems. The chapter, page, figure, and table numbering scheme is similar to that described for Part A. Part C, Piping Systems: There are 17 chapters in Part C, each dealing with a specific type of piping system or systems involving application of specific considerations. The piping systems covered include water, fire protection, steam, building services, oil, gas, chemical and refinery (process piping), cryogenic, refrigeration, toxic and hazardous wastes, slurry and sludge, stormwater and wastewater, plumbing, ash handling, compressed air and vacuum, fuel gas and laboratory piping systems. The numbering approach for Part C is similar to Part A. Part D, Nonmetallic Piping: Part D has two chapters, Dl and D2. Chapter Dl addresses thermoplastics piping, and Chapter D2 covers fiberglass piping systems. The numbering scheme for pages, figures, and tables is similar to the one followed for Part A. Part E, Appendixes: Part E of the handbook contains reference technical data and information that could be very handy and useful to the users. It consists of 10 appendixes, El through E10. They include conversion tables, pipe and tube properties, pressure drop tables, ASTM and international piping materials, fluid properties, piping related computer programs, and an exhaustive list of international standards. Depending upon the need, level of piping knowledge, and requirements, the xix

xx

HOW TO USE THIS HANDBOOK

user of this handbook may find it very convenient to locate the desired information by focusing on a specific part of the handbook. Last but not least, the Seventh Edition of Piping Handbook includes metric/SI units in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. At times, unit equivalents are rounded off while at places they are approximated to provide a measure of equivalency. Different approaches have been followed depending upon the practices prevalent in a segment of the piping industry. We regret the variations and expect the users to understand the state of the art in regard to use of units. The users are cautioned to check and verify units prior to making calculations with the help of equations included in the handbook or elsewhere.

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A

PIPING FUNDAMENTALS

CHAPTER A1

INTRODUCTION TO PIPING Mohinder L Nayyar, P. E. ASME Fellow Bechtel Power Corporation

INTRODUCTION Piping systems are like arteries and veins. They carry the lifeblood of modern civilization. In a modern city they transport water from the sources of water supply to the points of distribution; convey waste from residential and commercial buildings and other civic facilities to the treatment facility or the point of discharge. Similarly, pipelines carry crude oil from oil wells to tank farms for storage or to refineries for processing. The natural gas transportation and distribution lines convey natural gas from the source and storage tank forms to points of utilization, such as power plants, industrial facilities, and commercial and residential communities. In chemical plants, paper mills, food processing plants, and other similar industrial establishments, the piping systems are utilized to carry liquids, chemicals, mixtures, gases, vapors, and solids from one location to another. The fire protection piping networks in residential, commercial, industrial, and other buildings carry fire suppression fluids, such as water, gases, and chemicals to provide protection of life and property. The piping systems in thermal power plants convey high-pressure and high-temperature steam to generate electricity. Other piping systems in a power plant transport high- and low-pressure water, chemicals, low-pressure steam, and condensate. Sophisticated piping systems are used to process and carry hazardous and toxic substances. The storm and wastewater piping systems transport large quantities of water away from towns, cities, and industrial and similar establishments to safeguard life, property, and essential facilities. In health facilities, piping systems are used to transport gases and fluids for medical purposes. The piping systems in laboratories carry gases, chemicals, vapors, and other fluids that are critical for conducting research and development. In short, the piping systems are an essential and integral part of our modern civilization just as arteries and veins are essential to the human body. The design, construction, operation, and maintenance of various piping systems involve understanding of piping fundamentals, materials, generic and specific design considerations, fabrication and installation, examinations, and testing and inspection requirements, in addition to the local, state and federal regulations. A.3

A.4

PIPING FUNDAMENTALS

PIPING Piping includes pipe, flanges, fittings, bolting, gaskets, valves, and the pressurecontaining portions of other piping components. It also includes pipe hangers and supports and other items necessary to prevent overpressurization and overstressing of the pressure-containing components. It is evident that pipe is one element or a part of piping. Therefore, pipe sections when joined with fittings, valves, and other mechanical equipment and properly supported by hangers and supports, are called piping.

Pipe Pipe is a tube with round cross section conforming to the dimensional requirements of ● ●

ASME B36.10M ASME B36.19M

Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe Stainless Steel Pipe

Pipe Size Initially a system known as iron pipe size (IPS) was established to designate the pipe size. The size represented the approximate inside diameter of the pipe in inches. An IPS 6 pipe is one whose inside diameter is approximately 6 inches (in). Users started to call the pipe as 2-in, 4-in, 6-in pipe and so on. To begin, each pipe size was produced to have one thickness, which later was termed as standard (STD) or standard weight (STD. WT.). The outside diameter of the pipe was standardized. As the industrial requirements demanded the handling of higher-pressure fluids, pipes were produced having thicker walls, which came to be known as extra strong (XS) or extra heavy (XH). The higher pressure...