SNHU ENG APA Formatting Handbook 7th Ed PDF

Preview

Summary

APA formatting handbook and how to...

Description

APA Formatting Handbook ThissectionwillprovideinformationoncitingyoursourcesusingAPAformatandprovidepracticefor theseskills. ThisinformationreflectstheAPAPublicationManual7thEdition.

Formatting your references list and annotated bibliography in APA format Referencelistsemployahangingindent.ThismeansthatthefirstlineofaReferencelistentrystartsat theleftmargin,butsubsequentlinesofthatsameentryareindentedjustasfarasthefirstlineofa paragraphwouldbe(oftenahalfinch).Wordprocessorsmakehangingindentseasy,sodon'tbe temptedtoformateachlinemanuallybyusingthereturnkeyandthetabbutton.

In-text references: Patterns for in-text references Thereferencelistishelpfulonitsown,butitisonlythecorrespondingintextreferencesthatreally connectsourcestothecontentofapaperitself.Intextreferences,knowncollectivelyasparenthetical documentation,areusedwithinone'sresearchpapertosignifythattheideasandinformationpresented havebeentakenfromanoutsidesource,eitherthroughparaphraseorquotation.APAhasspecificrules formentionsofasourceinrunningtext.Afterthefirstmentionofasourceinaresearchpaper,APA formatshortensthecitationforsomesources,dependingonthenumberofauthors. OneAuthor Citingaworkwithoneauthoristhesimplestofallintextcitationformats: Somealternativemethodsfortrackingscholarship's influencehavebeensuggested(Aguillo,2009). Thecitationaboveconsistsoftheauthor'slastname,acomma,andtheyear,allcontainedwithina setofparentheses. Youmightalsoincludetheauthor'snameinthesentence,inwhichcaseyouwouldnotneedto includetheauthor'snameinaparentheticalcitation.Thesentencebelowexemplifiesthismethod ofcitingauthorandyear. Aguillo(2009)suggestedsomealternativemethodsfor trackingscholarship'sinfluence.

Copyright©2020MindEdgeInc.Allrightsreserved.Duplicationprohibited.

Ifthedateisparticularlyimportanttoyourpurposeforwriting(forexample,ifyouwantedto emphasizehowideasaboutatopichavechangedovertime),youmightincludeboththeauthorand thedateinthesentence.Thenyouwouldnotneedtociteanythinginparenthesesforthis paraphrase.Remember,though,thatifyouarequoting,youalwaysneedtoincludeapagenumber inparentheses. In2009,Aguillosuggestedsomealternativemethodsfor trackingscholarship'sinfluence. OrganizationasAuthor Sometimes,youmayneedtociteawebsitewithanorganizationalauthor.Inthiscase,citethe organization,andifyouarereferringtospecificpage,citethetitleofthepage.Ifyoucanfinda yearofpublication,you'llneedtocitethataswell. "Besidesprescribingtheselegallimits,EPArulesset watertestingschedulesandmethodsthatwatersystemsmust follow"(UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency, 2011,"CurrentDrinkingWaterRegulations"). Thequotationaboveistakenfromaspecificpage,sothetitleofthatpageiscited.Theparaphrase belowreferstothewebsiteingeneral,soitdoesnotincludethepageheaderinformation. TheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency's websiteisupdatedregularlywithinformationoncurrent regulationsandregulationsunderdevelopment(UnitedStates EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,2011). Noticethattheyearcitedaboveistheyearthesitewasupdated.Usually,thisinformationcanbe foundatthebottomortopofthepage.Inthiscase,thewebsitesaid"LastupdatedSeptember06, 2011,"sothatinformationwasusedinthecitation. TwoAuthors Intextcitationsofworkswithtwoauthors.Whentwoauthorshavewrittenasource,mention bothnamesineitherrunningtextorparentheticalcitations: ArecentstudydissectedthearchitectureofGoogle(Brin &Page,1998).

BrinandPage(1998)wrotethatGooglemanages hypertextmoreefficientlythanothersearchengines. Subsequentcitationsoftwoauthorsourcesdonotdifferfromtheformatforfirstcitations. Intextcitationsofworksbyauthorswiththesamelastname.Whensourcesarewrittenby authorswiththesamelastname—eveniftheyearsofpublicationdiffer—includeoneortwo initialstodistinguishthem: (Smith,A.,2005)

(Smith,F.W.,2010)

A.Smith(2005)andF.W.Smith(2010)independently studied.... ThreeorMoreAuthors Intextcitationsofworkswiththreeormoreauthors.Whencraftinganintextcitationfora workthathasmorethanthreeauthors,onlythefirstauthorismentionedintheintextcitation followedby"etal."Thisistruebothwithinparenthesesandinrunningtext: Mediatorsturnouttohaveseriouseffectonindependent andindependentvariables(MacKinnonetal.,2002).

ResearchbyMacKinnonetal.(2002)foundthatthe otherapproachismuchlesseffectivethanpreviouslythought. Inbothoftheseexamples,onlythefirstauthorisnamed.Thepresenceof"etal."tellsyourreader thatMacKinnonisthefirstofatleastthreeauthors. NoAuthorNamed Sourceswiththeauthornotnamed.Rememberthattheprincipleunderlyingintextcitationsis thattheyfacilitatetheeasylocationoffullreferences.Therefore,whenasourcedoesnothavean author,theintextcitationshouldreflectthecompositionofthereferencelistentry,whichwill thenbeginwiththetitle: TheUniversityofArizonafactbook2001–2002.(2001). UniversityofArizona.

Theintextcitationforthissourcewouldrefertothetitle.Sincethetitleisabook,itwillappearin italicsintheintextcitation: Morestudentsstudysocialandbehavioralsciencesthan businessandpublicadministration(UniversityofArizonaFact Book,2001). Notethreeimportantaspectsofthecitationabove: 1.Thetitleinvolvesapropernoun(theUniversityofArizona),sothepropernounphrasemust becapitalized. 2.Thefulltitleisabitlong,sowhenyouhavealongertitle,youcanshortenitinthe parentheticalcitation. 3.Inanintextcitatonorinrunningtext,butNOTinareferncecitation,allmajorwordsinthe titlearecapitalized(headlinecapitalizationstyle). Inthecasethat"Anonymous"isusedinplaceofanauthor'sname,usetheword"Anonymous"in placeoftheauthor'slastname,followedthetheyear.Forexample,ifasourcewaspublishedin 2020byananonymousauthor,theintextcitationwouldbe(Anonymous,2020). NoAuthorandNoDate Whenasourcehasnodateassignedtoit,use"n.d."inplaceofthedateinsidetheintextcitation. Hereisthereferencecitationforasourcewithnoauthorandnodate.Rememberthatwhenthereis noauthor,youneedtousethetitleofthework. UnitedArabEmiratesarchitecture.(n.d.). http://www.uaeinteract.com/ Forthecorrelatingintextcitation,includethenameofthetextinquotationmarks,asistherule forrunningtextforarticletitles,and"n.d."inparenthesesafterthearticletitle,justasyouwould dointherunningtextforanamedauthoranddate. In"UnitedArabEmiratesArchitecture"(n.d.),theauthor arguesthat.... AuthorsfromMultipleSources Morethanoneworkwithinonesetofparentheses.Itispossibletocitemorethanoneworkata time.Followtherulesaboveastheypertaintothespecificsourcesthatyouareciting,andthen presentthelistofsources,alphabeticallyandseparatedbysemicolons:

Manystudieshaveconfirmedthis(Brin&Page,1998; Garfield,2005;Kousha&Thelwall,2006;Merton,1973; Uyar,2009a). Alwayslistthesourcesalphabetically,accordingtotheirarrangementinthereferencelist.

Quotations, paraphrases, summary, and common knowledge Intextcitationsareneededwhenyouquoteorparaphrasesourcematerial,and youwillneedtoformatquotations,blockquotations,andparaphrases differently.Readmoreaboutthedifferencesbetweenquotations,block quotations,paraphrases,andsummariesbelow.Thefinalsectionwillprovide anexplanationofcommonknowledge,informationthatyoudon'thavetocite. Quotations Ifthenameoftheauthorisnotmentionedinthesentence,theauthor'slastname,theyearof publication,andthepagenumberonwhichthequotationcanbefoundwillbeplacedafterthe closingquotationmarkandbeforetheclosingpunctuationofthesentence. Onestudyfoundthat"developingsocialnetworkson campuscounteractedisolationandinvisibility"(Reyes,2011, p.257). Notethatacommaseparatesthenamefromtheyearandtheyearfromthepagenumberorpage range.Thisisthegeneralpatternthatyouwilluseforalmostallintextcitations. Iftheauthorismentionedinthesentence,theyearofpublicationfollowstheauthorname,andthe pagenumbercomesaftertheclosingquotationmark. AccordingtoReyes(2011),"developingsocialnetworks oncampuscounteractedisolationandinvisibility"(p.257). Ifmultiplepageswerecited,use"pp."andlistthepagerange. AccordingtoBeheiryetal.(2006),"Corporationsthat aremoreawareofthethreepillarsofsustainabilityandmore vocalaboutthemtendtoincorporatethatconsciousnessinto theirlargeandmegaprojectplanning."(pp.390–391).

Ifasourcehasneitherpagenumbersnorvisibleparagraphnumbers,justincludetheauthorandthe yearofpublication.Thisisacommonpatternforwebsources. Forinstance,thearticlebeginswiththisadvicetohealthcare providers:"Aproviderhasaresponsibilitytolistentoandto trytounderstandapatient'sorparent'sconcerns,fears,and beliefsaboutvaccinationandtotakethemintoconsideration whenofferingvaccines"(CDC,2007). Blockquotations Blockquotationsshouldbeusedtoincludedirectquotationsof40ormorewordswithinyour researchpaper.Becausetheycanmakeyourwritingseemchoppyordisjoined,blockquotations shouldbeusedsparinglyornotatall. Beheiryetal.(2006)reportthat,asaresultofthelow responserate,thestudy'sfindingswerenotasconclusiveas theyhadhoped: Duetothelownumberofdatapointsinthisresearch, itwouldbemeaninglesstoanalyzeexactrelationships betweenthefactors.Thus,theanalysisisonlyaimedat providingaframeworkforexaminingrelationshipsso thatfutureresearchcanmorespecificallyimproveon thecurrentresearchfindings.Thus,despitethesmall samplesize,allthecommonstatisticalanalysissteps werefollowed.(p.389) Despiteallofthesecaveats,theauthorsdosuggestthata relationshipdoesappeartoexist—thatcompaniesthatscored higherontheCSCI,indicatingstrongercommitmenttoa balancedunderstandingofsustainabilityattheexecutivelevel, tendedtoperformmorecloselytoexpectationsforproject scheduleandcost(Beheiryetal.,2006).

Paraphrases Youdonotneedtogivepageorparagraphinformationwhenyousimplyparaphrasematerial.If youparaphrasedReyesinsteadofquotingher,youwouldleaveoutthepagenumber: Studentsmayfeelunconnectedandinconsequentialon campus;socialnetworksalleviatesuchfeelings(Reyes,2011). Anampersandisusedinparentheticalcitations,whilethewordandisusedinrunningtext.You'll recallthatampersandsarealsousedinreferencelistentriesbecausethosearealsonotrunningtext. Researchondecisionmakinghasrecentlytakenaturn towardnewmodels(Gonzalez&Dutt,2010).

GonzalezandDutt's(2010)researchondecisionmaking ispartofaturntowardnewmodels. Aswithquotedmaterial,whentheauthor'sname(orauthors'names,asintheexampleabove)are includedinthesentenceleadinguptotheintextcitation,onlytheyearneedstobeprovided. Theyearcanbeincorporatedintotherunningtext,too,ifdesired: In2010,GonzalezandDutt'sresearchconstitutedaturn towardnewmodels. Inthatcase,noparentheticalcitationisneededatallforparaphrasedmaterialbecausethekey material—authorandyear—iscontainedwithinthesentenceitself.Areadercuriousaboutthe publicationdetailsrelatingtothatsourcewouldneednofurtherinformationtofindthe correspondingreferencelistentry,whichinturnprovidesthekeysforlocatingGonzalezandDutt's actualpublication. Indirectquotations.Aparaphraseissometimescalledanindirectquotation.Youcanrecognize indirectquotationsbecausetheyusuallyhavethewordthatintheintroductoryphrase,asinthe examplebelow. Theauthors'reviewofresearchsuggeststhatinevery industry,companiesneedtofocusontheirimageinorderto staycompetitive(Beheiryetal.,2006). Indirectquotationsarenotplacedinquotationmarksbecausetheyarenottheoriginalwordsofthe sourceauthor.Becausequotationmarksaren'tnecessary,youshouldnotputacommabetweenthat andthephrasethatexplainswhattheauthorwrote.

However,becauseyouareparaphrasingideasthataren'tyourown,youdoneedtocitethesource's authorandpublicationdate. Summaries Tosummarize,youusethesameskillsaswhenyouparaphraseexceptyousummarizethemain ideaoftheoriginalworkinsteadofthemainideaofafewsentences.Summariescanvaryin length,andthelengthofthesummarywilldeterminethelevelofdetailthatyoursummaryshould provide. Youdon'tneedquotationmarksinyoursummarybecauseyouwillnotbequotingdirectlyfrom theauthor.However,youdoneedtocreateanintextcitationaftereverydistinctideainyour summarysothatyourreadercantellwhenyouaresummarizinganauthor'sideasandwhenyou arepresentingyourownorthoseofadifferentauthor. Commonknowledge Thereisoneexceptiontothe"citeeverything"principle:informationthatiscommonknowledge doesnotneedtobecited.Butverylittleofwhatyouwriteinyourresearchpaperwillbecommon knowledge.Ifyouweretowriteyourresearchpaperwithmostlycommonknowledge,you'dhave littlereasontowriteyourpaper.Commonknowledgeisknowledgethatisuncontestable—orfact. Afewexamplesofcommonknowledgearelistedbelow: BarackObamaisthe44thpresidentoftheUnitedStates. ChristopherColumbusfirstlandedintheAmericasin1492. TheCivilRightsActof1964madethesegregationofschoolsillegal. E.e.cummingswasapoet. Humangestationaveragesninemonths. Asyoucansee,yourresearchpaperwouldnotbeveryinterestingifitonlyincludedfactsof commonknowledge,butyoucanrelyonuncontroversialfactssuchasthesewhenusingyour sourcestosupportyourarguments.Youdon'tneedtocitecommonknowledge,butsome knowledgethatseemsuncontroversialisnotasclearcutasitseems.Forinstance,intherecent decades,Plutohasgainedandlostitsstatusasaplanet,andtheargumentsthatsurroundthisdebate arecompelling.Citeyoursourcesifyouareatalluncertainabouttheextenttowhichyour assertionisacceptedbyageneralaudienceasanuncontestedfact.

Best practices for quoting or paraphrasing Therearesomerulesyoucanfollowtomakesurethatyouintegratesourcesintoyourwritinginaway thathelpsyouraudienceunderstandhoweachsourcesupportsyourpoint. Citeoften Citingoften.Everysentenceinapaperneednothaveacitation.Itisonlynecessarytociteoften enoughtomakeclearbeyonddoubtwhereinformationiscomingfrom.Ifthefirstsentenceofa paragraphcitesGonzalezandDutt,youwouldn'tneedtocitetheverynextsentence;citations shouldbeplacedregularlythroughoutparagraphs,however.Inaddition,youwouldneedacitation neartheendoftheparagraphandatthebeginningofthenextparagraph.

GonzalezandDutt's(2010)researchondecisionmaking ispartofaturntowardnewmodels.Inthatresearch,they foundthatoldmodelsareinsufficientforrealprogressinthe field.Itwasalsomadeclearthat... EveniftheGonzalezandDuttarementionedbynamelaterinthatparagraph,theyeardoesnot needtobeincludedbecausethesourceisalreadyclear. If,however,anothersourceiscitedbetweentworeferencestoGonzalezandDunn,bothGonzalez andDunnmentionsneedtoincludetheyear,whetherinparentheticalcitationsorblendedintothe text. GonzalezandDutt's(2010)researchondecisionmaking ispartofaturntowardnewmodels.Clark(2009),however, takesadifferenttack.GonzalezandDutt(2010)arguethat... Inthatexample,theClarkstudyintervenesbetweenthetwomentionsofGonzalezandDunn's work,sothereaderneedstoberemindedwhichGonzalezandDunnstudyismeant. Fourparts APAformatrequiresfourpartstoacitation:1)anintroductoryphrase,2)theparaphraseor quotationusedasevidence,3)anintextcitation,and4)areferencepagecitation. Intheexamplesbelow,theintroductionisyellow,theparaphraseorquotationusedasevidenceis pink,andtheintextcitationisblue.Thereferencecitationfollows. AccordingtoAllen(2007),thimerosalisapreservative thathelpedkeepvaccinesasepticandcontainsmercury— 49.5%byweight.

References Allen,A.(2007).Vaccine:Thecontroversialstoryof medicine'sgreatestlifesaver.W.W.Norton& Company,Inc.

Galanti(2004)asserts,"Insomecultures,partofthe'job' ofthefamilyistomakesurethatthenursesarespending enoughtimecaringfortheirlovedone"(p.87).

References Galante,G.A.(2004).Caringforpatientsfromdifferent cultures.UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress. Thelistofintroductorywordsbelowwillhelpyouintegrateyourquotationsandparaphrasesinto yoursentences. Introductorywords acknowledges concludes

elucidates offers

admits

contends

expresses

advises

criticizes

illustrates refutes

agrees

demonstrates implies

rejects

argues

describes

insists

replies

asserts

disagrees

lists

reports

believes

discusses

maintains responds

claims

disputes

notes

suggests

concedes

emphasizes

objects

writes

presents

Providecontext Providingcontext.Creatingintextcitationsisn'tjustamatterofformattingyourparenthetical citationscorrectly—thoughthat'scertainlyaconcern.Wheninsertinganintextcitation,youneed togiveyourreaderenoughcontextsothatheorsheunderstandswhetheryouarequotingor paraphrasingwordsorideas.Readersalsoneedtounderstandwhyyouarecitinganotherauthor: Areyougivingvoicetoacounterargument?Orareyouprovidingevidenceforamajorpoint? Signaltoyourreaderwhyyouarecitingbyusingintroductoryphrasessuchastheonehighlighted intheexcerptbelow: Thoughsomebelievethatsustainabilityisthedomainof industriessuchasfarming,education,ortheautomotive industry,theauthors'reviewofresearchaddressesthecurrent thoughtsaboutsustainabilityinmanyindustriesandsuggests

thatineveryindustry,companiesneedtofocusontheirimage inordertostaycompetitive(Beheiryetal.,2006). Thehighlightedsentenceexplainswhythecitationisimportant—thewriterofthispaperwanted hisreaderstoknowthatsustainabilityisn'tjustforparticularindustries,andhehassupportforthis claim.Hefollowsupthatintroductorysentencewithsupportinginformationfromthesource.The paraphrasedinformationisintroducedwithastatementthatsuggeststhatanotherauthorwrotethe ideaoriginally.Hethenprovidestheauthors'namesandtheyearofthearticle'spublication. AvoidingDroppedQuotations.Toavoidplagiarism,you'llwanttomakesurethatyouareusing thefourpartsofacitationdescribedinthe"Fourparts"tab.Butyou'llneedafifthpart,placedin boldbelow,toavoiddroppedquotationsandtokeepyourwritingfluid. Whenwritersdon'tprovideanintroductoryorconcludingstatementtoindicatewhyasourceis ...