SNHU HIS Appendix APA Guidelines 7th Ed PDF

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APA formatting book for the course HIS 200 at Southern New Hampshire University....

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Appendix: APA Guidelines ThisOPTIONALsectionwillprovideinformationoncitingyoursourcesinAPAformatandprovide practicefortheseskills.Feelfreetorefertothissectionasyouwriteyouressayandformatyour references. ThisinformationreflectstheAPAPublicationManual7thEdition.

Appendix: Formatting Your Paper Whenformattingyourpaper,payattentiontothefollowingguidelines: TimesNewRomanfont,12pointsize Doublespacingbetweenlinesandparagraphs Indentthefirstlineofeachparagraph Oneinchmargins 8.5x11inchpagedimensions Toreviewyourformatting,youmaywanttoclicktheViewtabinyourwordprocessingprogram(such asMicrosoftWord)andshrinktheviewdownsoyoucanseemoreofthepaperatatime.Allmargins' andparagraphs'spacingsshouldbesetcorrectly. Formatting Your Reference List TheReferencessectionbelongsattheendoftheessay.Referencelistsemployahangingindent.This meansthatthefirstlineofaReferencelistentrystartsattheleftmargin,butsubsequentlinesofthat sameentryareindentedjustasfarasthefirstlineofaparagraphwouldbe(oftenahalfinch). FortheReferencespage,you'llneedtochangetheindentationstyletohangingindent.Toswitchfrom theregularindentstyletohangingindentstyle,you'llneedtohighlightonlyyourreferenceentries.Be carefulnottoselectwritinginthebodyofthepaper,whichneedsaregularfirstlineindent.Thenyou'll needtofindtheparagraphingtools.Ifyouclickontheicontothelowerright,you'llseethatmore paragraphingtoolswillappearintheoptionsmenu.ThenunderIndentation,lookfor"special"and choosehanging.ThenclickOK.Thenyou'llseethatyou'vecreatedthehangingindentformatting, whichindentsalllinesbutthefirstofeachentry. TofinishyourReferencespage,besuretotypereferencesatthetopofthepageandcenteritusingthe centericon.BeforeyouturnanyReferencespagein,makesurethattheentriesarelisted alphabetically.

In-text citations: Patterns for in-text citations Thereferencelistishelpfulonitsown,butitisonlythecorrespondingintextcitationsthatreally connectsourcestothecontentofapaperitself.Intextcitations,knowncollectivelyasparenthetical documentation,areusedwithinone'sresearchpapertosignifythattheideasandinformationpresented havebeentakenfromanoutsidesource,eitherthroughparaphraseorquotation.APAhasspecificrules formentionsofasourceinrunningtext.Afterthefirstmentionofasourceinaresearchpaper,APA formatshortensthecitationforsomesources,dependingonthenumberofauthors.

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OneAuthor Citingaworkwithoneauthoristhesimplestofallintextcitationformats: Somealternativemethodsfortrackingscholarship's influencehavebeensuggested(Aguillo,2009). Thecitationaboveconsistsoftheauthor'slastname,acomma,andtheyear,allcontainedwithina setofparentheses. Youmightalsoincludetheauthor'snameinthesentence,inwhichcaseyouwouldnotneedto includetheauthor'snameinaparentheticalcitation.Thesentencebelowexemplifiesthismethod ofcitingauthorandyear. Aguillo(2009)suggestedsomealternativemethodsfor trackingscholarship'sinfluence. Ifthedateisparticularlyimportanttoyourpurposeforwriting(forexample,ifyouwantedto emphasizehowideasaboutatopichavechangedovertime),youmightincludeboththeauthorand thedateinthesentence.Thenyouwouldnotneedtociteanythinginparenthesesforthis paraphrase.Remember,though,thatifyouarequoting,youalwaysneedtoincludeapagenumber inparentheses. In2009,Aguillosuggestedsomealternativemethodsfor trackingscholarship'sinfluence. OrganizationasAuthor Sometimes,youmayneedtociteawebsitewithanorganizationalauthor.Inthiscase,citethe organization,andifyouarereferringtospecificpage,citethetitleofthepage.Ifyoucanfinda yearofpublication,you'llneedtocitethataswell. "Besidesprescribingtheselegallimits,EPArulesset watertestingschedulesandmethodsthatwatersystemsmust follow"(UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency, 2011,"CurrentDrinkingWaterRegulations"). Thequotationaboveistakenfromaspecificpage,sothetitleofthatpageiscited.Theparaphrase belowreferstothewebsiteingeneral,soitdoesnotincludethepageheaderinformation. TheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency's websiteisupdatedregularlywithinformationoncurrent

regulationsandregulationsunderdevelopment(UnitedStates EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,2011). Noticethattheyearcitedaboveistheyearthesitewasupdated.Usually,thisinformationcanbe foundatthebottomortopofthepage.Inthiscase,thewebsitesaid"LastupdatedSeptember06, 2011,"sothatinformationwasusedinthecitation. TwoAuthors Intextcitationsofworkswithtwoauthors.Whentwoauthorshavewrittenasource,mention bothnamesineitherrunningtextorparentheticalcitations: ArecentstudydissectedthearchitectureofGoogle(Brin &Page,1998).

BrinandPage(1998)wrotethatGooglemanages hypertextmoreefficientlythanothersearchengines. Subsequentcitationsoftwoauthorsourcesdonotdifferfromtheformatforfirstcitations. Intextcitationsofworksbyauthorswiththesamelastname.Whensourcesarewrittenby authorswiththesamelastname—eveniftheyearsofpublicationdiffer—includeoneortwo initialstodistinguishthem: (Smith,A.,2005)

(Smith,F.W.,2010)

A.Smith(2005)andF.W.Smith(2010)independently studied.... ThreeorMoreAuthors Intextcitationsofworkswiththreeormoreauthors.Whencraftinganintextcitationfora workthathasmorethanthreeauthors,onlythefirstauthorismentionedintheintextcitation followedby"etal."Thisistruebothwithinparenthesesandinrunningtext: Mediatorsturnouttohaveseriouseffectonindependent andindependentvariables(MacKinnonetal.,2002).

ResearchbyMacKinnonetal.(2002)foundthatthe otherapproachismuchlesseffectivethanpreviouslythought. Inbothoftheseexamples,onlythefirstauthorisnamed.Thepresenceof"etal."tellsyourreader thatMacKinnonisthefirstofatleastthreeauthors. NoAuthorNamed Sourceswiththeauthornotnamed.Rememberthattheprincipleunderlyingintextcitationsis thattheyfacilitatetheeasylocationoffullreferences.Therefore,whenasourcedoesnothavean author,theintextcitationshouldreflectthecompositionofthereferencelistentry,whichwill thenbeginwiththetitle: TheUniversityofArizonafactbook2001–2002.(2001). UniversityofArizona. Theintextcitationforthissourcewouldrefertothetitle.Sincethetitleisabook,itwillappearin italicsintheintextcitation: Morestudentsstudysocialandbehavioralsciencesthan businessandpublicadministration(UniversityofArizonaFact Book,2001). Notethreeimportantaspectsofthecitationabove: 1.Thetitleinvolvesapropernoun(theUniversityofArizona),sothepropernounphrasemust becapitalized. 2.Thefulltitleisabitlong,sowhenyouhavealongertitle,youcanshortenitinthe parentheticalcitation. 3.Inanintextcitatonorinrunningtext,butNOTinareferncecitation,allmajorwordsinthe titlearecapitalized(headlinecapitalizationstyle). Inthecasethat"Anonymous"isusedinplaceofanauthor'sname,usetheword"Anonymous"in placeoftheauthor'slastname,followedthetheyear.Forexample,ifasourcewaspublishedin 2020byananonymousauthor,theintextcitationwouldbe(Anonymous,2020). NoAuthorandNoDate Whenasourcehasnodateassignedtoit,use"n.d."inplaceofthedateinsidetheintextcitation. Hereisthereferencecitationforasourcewithnoauthorandnodate.Rememberthatwhenthereis noauthor,youneedtousethetitleofthework. UnitedArabEmiratesarchitecture.(n.d.). http://www.uaeinteract.com/

Forthecorrelatingintextcitation,includethenameofthetextinquotationmarks,asistherule forrunningtextforarticletitles,and"n.d."inparenthesesafterthearticletitle,justasyouwould dointherunningtextforanamedauthoranddate. In"UnitedArabEmiratesArchitecture"(n.d.),theauthor arguesthat.... AuthorsfromMultipleSources Morethanoneworkwithinonesetofparentheses.Itispossibletocitemorethanoneworkata time.Followtherulesaboveastheypertaintothespecificsourcesthatyouareciting,andthen presentthelistofsources,alphabeticallyandseparatedbysemicolons: Manystudieshaveconfirmedthis(Brin&Page,1998; Garfield,2005;Kousha&Thelwall,2006;Merton,1973; Uyar,2009a). Alwayslistthesourcesalphabetically,accordingtotheirarrangementinthereferencelist.

Quotations, paraphrases, summary, and common knowledge Intextcitationsareneededwhenyouquoteorparaphrasesourcematerial,andyouwillneedtoformat quotations,blockquotations,andparaphrasesdifferently.Readmoreaboutthedifferencesbetween quotations,blockquotations,paraphrases,andsummariesinthesectionsbelow.Thefinalsectionwill provideanexplanationofcommonknowledge,informationthatyoudon'thavetocite. Quotations Ifthenameoftheauthorisnotmentionedinthesentence,theauthor'slastname,theyearof publication,andthepagenumberonwhichthequotationcanbefoundwillbeplacedaftertheclosing quotationmarkandbeforetheclosingpunctuationofthesentence. Onestudyfoundthat"developingsocialnetworkson campuscounteractedisolationandinvisibility"(Reyes,2011, p.257). Notethatacommaseparatesthenamefromtheyearandtheyearfromthepagenumberorpagerange. Thisisthegeneralpatternthatyouwilluseforalmostallintextcitations. Iftheauthorismentionedinthesentence,theyearofpublicationfollowstheauthorname,andthe pagenumbercomesaftertheclosingquotationmark.

AccordingtoReyes(2011),"developingsocialnetworks oncampuscounteractedisolationandinvisibility"(p.257). Ifmultiplepageswerecited,use"pp."andlistthepagerange. AccordingtoBeheiry,Chong,andHass(2006), "Corporationsthataremoreawareofthethreepillarsof sustainabilityandmorevocalaboutthemtendtoincorporate thatconsciousnessintotheirlargeandmegaprojectplanning." (pp.390–391). Ifasourcehasneitherpagenumbersnorvisibleparagraphnumbers,justincludetheauthorandthe yearofpublication.Thisisacommonpatternforwebsources. Forinstance,thearticlebeginswiththisadvicetohealthcare providers:"Aproviderhasaresponsibilitytolistentoandto trytounderstandapatient'sorparent'sconcerns,fears,and beliefsaboutvaccinationandtotakethemintoconsideration whenofferingvaccines"(CDC,2007). Block quotations Blockquotationsshouldbeusedtoincludedirectquotationsof40ormorewordswithinyourresearch paper.Becausetheycanmakeyourwritingseemchoppyordisjoined,blockquotationsshouldbeused sparinglyornotatall. Beheiry,Chong,andHass(2006)reportthat,asaresult ofthelowresponserate,thestudy'sfindingswerenotas conclusiveastheyhadhoped: Duetothelownumberofdatapointsinthisresearch, itwouldbemeaninglesstoanalyzeexactrelationships betweenthefactors.Thus,theanalysisisonlyaimedat providingaframeworkforexaminingrelationshipsso thatfutureresearchcanmorespecificallyimproveon thecurrentresearchfindings.Thus,despitethesmall

samplesize,allthecommonstatisticalanalysissteps werefollowed.(p.389) Despiteallofthesecaveats,theauthorsdosuggestthata relationshipdoesappeartoexist—thatcompaniesthatscored higherontheCSCI,indicatingstrongercommitmenttoa balancedunderstandingofsustainabilityattheexecutivelevel, tendedtoperformmorecloselytoexpectationsforproject scheduleandcost(Beheiryetal.,2006). Paraphrases Youdonotneedtogivepageorparagraphinformationwhenyousimplyparaphrasematerial.Ifyou paraphrasedReyesinsteadofquotingher,youwouldleaveoutthepagenumber: Studentsmayfeelunconnectedandinconsequentialon campus;socialnetworksalleviatesuchfeelings(Reyes,2011). Anampersandisusedinparentheticalcitations,whilethewordandisusedinrunningtext.You'll recallthatampersandsarealsousedinreferencelistentriesbecausethosearealsonotrunningtext. Researchondecisionmakinghasrecentlytakenaturn towardnewmodels(Gonzalez&Dutt,2010).

GonzalezandDutt's(2010)researchondecisionmaking ispartofaturntowardnewmodels. Aswithquotedmaterial,whentheauthor'sname(orauthors'names,asintheexampleabove)are includedinthesentenceleadinguptotheintextcitation,onlytheyearneedstobeprovided. Theyearcanbeincorporatedintotherunningtext,too,ifdesired: In2010,GonzalezandDutt'sresearchconstitutedaturn towardnewmodels. Inthatcase,noparentheticalcitationisneededatallforparaphrasedmaterialbecausethekeymaterial —authorandyear—iscontainedwithinthesentenceitself.Areadercuriousaboutthepublication detailsrelatingtothatsourcewouldneednofurtherinformationtofindthecorrespondingreferencelist entry,whichinturnprovidesthekeysforlocatingGonzalezandDutt'sactualpublication.

Indirectquotations.Aparaphraseissometimescalledanindirectquotation.Youcanrecognize indirectquotationsbecausetheyusuallyhavethewordthatintheintroductoryphrase,asinthe examplebelow. Theauthors'reviewofresearchsuggeststhatinevery industry,companiesneedtofocusontheirimageinorderto staycompetitive(Beheiryetal.,2006). Indirectquotationsarenotplacedinquotationmarksbecausetheyarenottheoriginalwordsofthe sourceauthor.Becausequotationmarksaren'tnecessary,youshouldnotputacommabetweenthatand thephrasethatexplainswhattheauthorwrote. However,becauseyouareparaphrasingideasthataren'tyourown,youdoneedtocitethesource's authorandpublicationdate. Summaries Tosummarize,youusethesameskillsaswhenyouparaphraseexceptyousummarizethemainideaof theoriginalworkinsteadofthemainideaofafewsentences.Summariescanvaryinlength,andthe lengthofthesummarywilldeterminethelevelofdetailthatyoursummaryshouldprovide. Youdon'tneedquotationmarksinyoursummarybecauseyouwillnotbequotingdirectlyfromthe author.However,youdoneedtocreateanintextcitationaftereverydistinctideainyoursummaryso thatyourreadercantellwhenyouaresummarizinganauthor'sideasandwhenyouarepresentingyour ownorthoseofadifferentauthor. Common knowledge Thereisoneexceptiontothe"citeeverything"principle:informationthatiscommonknowledgedoes notneedtobecited.Butverylittleofwhatyouwriteinyourresearchpaperwillbecommon knowledge.Ifyouweretowriteyourresearchpaperwithmostlycommonknowledge,you'dhavelittle reasontowriteyourpaper.Commonknowledgeisknowledgethatisuncontestable—orfact.Afew examplesofcommonknowledgearelistedbelow: BarackObamaisthe44thpresidentoftheUnitedStates. ChristopherColumbusfirstlandedintheAmericasin1492. TheCivilRightsActof1964madethesegregationofschoolsillegal. E.e.cummingswasapoet. Humangestationaveragesninemonths. Asyoucansee,yourresearchpaperwouldnotbeveryinterestingifitonlyincludedfactsofcommon knowledge,butyoucanrelyonuncontroversialfactssuchasthesewhenusingyoursourcestosupport yourarguments.Youdon'tneedtocitecommonknowledge,butsomeknowledgethatseems uncontroversialisnotasclearcutasitseems.Forinstance,intherecentdecades,Plutohasgainedand lostitsstatusasaplanet,andtheargumentsthatsurroundthisdebatearecompelling.Citeyoursources ifyouareatalluncertainabouttheextenttowhichyourassertionisacceptedbyageneralaudienceas anuncontestedfact.

Appendix: Reference List Thenextpageswillshowyouhowtocorrectlyformatandciteavarietyofsourcesthatwillbeusedin yourhistoricalanalysisessay.

Appendix: General Principles for Documentation Thissectionreviewssomegeneralprinciplesfordocumentation,focusingonauthors'names,titles, locationinformation,dates,sourceswithmissinginformation,andrulesforalphabetization.

Appendix: Authors' Names Everysourcewillhaveanauthor,whetherthatauthorisanindividual,severalindividuals,a corporation,aneditoraswell,orwhethertheauthorisunknown.Asyouwriteyourreferencelist, you'llneedtoknowhowtodealwithauthornames.Thepatternsbelowshowyouhowtocitemostof theauthorsituationsyouwillencounter. OneAuthor AbookwithoneauthorhasaverybasicformatinAPAstyle: Kanter,R.M.(1989).Whengiantslearntodance.Simon& Schuster. Theauthor'slastnameisfollowedbyacommaandthenherfirstandmiddleinitials.Ifshedidnot includehermiddleinitialwhenshepublishedthesourceyouareusing,simply"R."wouldsuffice. Thereisalwaysaspacebetweenmultipleinitials,whethertherearetwoorthree(ormore)ina row: Kessy,S.S.A.(2006).Thecontributionofmicrofinance institutionstopovertyreductioninTanzania.Mkukina Nyota. Authorswithhyphenatedfirstnamesaretreatedinaspecialway:Keepthehyphenbutalsouse periodsaftereachinitial.ThefollowingexampleisforanauthornamedJeanMarieDru. Dru,J.M.(1996).Disruption:Overturningconventionsand shakingupthemarketplace.JohnWiley&Sons. Theauthor'sfirstnameisJeanMarie,andhisinitialsbecome"J.M."

Asuffixsuchas"Jr."and"II"isincludedafterthelastnameandacomma: Hirsch,E.D.,Jr.(2006).Theknowledgedeficit:Closingthe shockingeducationgapforAmericanchildren. HoughtonMifflin. MoreThanOneAuthor Thegeneralpatternforcitingauthorsremainsthesamefortwoanduptotwentyauthors. Whenabookhastwoauthors,youneedacommaafterthefirstauthor'sfirstinitial. Marshall,C.,&Rossman,G.B.(1999).Designingqualitative research(3rded.).Sage. Notice,aswell,thatyouuseanampersand(&)ratherthanthewordandinyourreferencepage citations.Youwillusetheampersandaswellinyourparentheticalcitationsinthebodyofyour paper.However,ifyourefertoagroupofauthorsintherunningtextofyourpaper,youwilluse thewordandinsteadoftheampersand. Mostsourceswithmorethanmorethantwoauthorsaretreatedthesameasoneswithonlytwo— thelistofnamesisjustlonger.Thisformatappliestoallnumberofauthorsbetweentwoand twentyauthors.Hereisanexamplewiththreeauthors: Gaglani,S.,DeObaldia,M.E.,Kominers,S.D.,Li,D.,& Suh,C.Y.(2011).Successwithscience:Thewinners' guidetohighschoolresearch.ResearchCorporationfor ScienceAdvancement. Don'tforgetthecommabeforetheampersand. Whenasourceiswrittenby21ormoreauthors,APAinstructsyoutolistthefirst19ofthose namesandthenplacesellipsesbetweenthe19thauthorandthefinalauthor'sname.Donotinclude anampersand. Kalnay,E.,Kanamitsu,M.,Kistler,R.,Collins,W.,Deaven, D.,Gandin,L.,Iredell,M.,Saha,S.,White,G.,Wollen, J.,Zhu,Y.,Chelliah,M.,Ebisuzaki,W.,Higgins,W., Janowiak,J.,Mo,K.C.,Ropelewski,C.,Wang,J., Leetmaa,A.,...Joseph,D.(1996).TheNCEP/NCAR 40yearreanalysisproject.BulletinoftheAmerican

MeteorologicalSociety,77,(3),437471. http://doi.org/fg6rf9 Don'tforgetthecommabeforetheellipsis. EditorasAuthor Sometimessourceshaveeditors.Whetheryou'reusingasourcewrittenbyanauthorotherthanthe editor,orwhetheryou'reusinganarticleorchapterwrittenby...