Planktonology - Plankton is a microorganism found living in irrigation both in rivers, reservoirs, PDF

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Plankton is a microorganism found living in irrigation both in rivers, reservoirs, lakes and irrigation of brackish and sea. These organisms both in terms of number and type are very much. Plankton is one of the main components in the food chain system (food chain/food web). Plankton is also a feed ...

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PLANKTONOLOGY – An Overview of Plankton Identification By Lottie R. Fisher

I. 1.1

Introduction

Background Water area both sea and land water is a very important area for various purposes and activities in the field Fisheries, tourism, industry and so on. A sea water can be said to be rich in water resources if the water has high fertility that can be seen from its aquatic productivity. In a water there are a wide range of very complex organisms both large and small in size (microscopic). The small organism is very diverse. Organisms that do not move actively, drift in the waters and movements tend to vary according to the adaptation to the environment called Plankton. Plankton is a microorganism found living in irrigation both in rivers, reservoirs, lakes and irrigation of brackish and sea. These organisms both in terms of number and type are very much. Plankton is one of the main components in the food chain system (food chain/food web). Plankton is also a feed for a number of consumers in food chain systems and food nets. These Plankton are there that can move their own active like that of animals and we as animal (zooplankton) and there are also plankton who can do assimilation (photosynthesis) like Plants. This group is called Plankton (population). Plankton

also has the ability to multiply rapidly and can be easily cultivated in bulk, so no need to be feared they will be extinct (Fachrul, 2006). The life and diversity of these organisms is influenced by the balance of environmental factors surrounding it, such as the affecting physics factors such as lighting and temperature. As well as chemical factors such as the availability of nutrients needed to grow and develop. There is pollution that

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resulted in a change in the balance of environmental factors in the water body of plankton habitat, can directly impact the diversity of the type and life of plankton in the water body. Depending on the level of plankton tolerance in the water body. In case of pollution, the amount of intolerant plankton against pollutants will decrease or even disappear from the polluted bodies of water. While tolerant plankton will experience increased or blooming due to its nature, both anatomically and physiologically able to tolerate pollutants that go into His

habitat. To complement and increase knowledge in learning or identifying plankton need to be held directly in the field to get data and as a comparison material with the theory to draw a logical conclusion. Therefore, field practice activities and identification either directly or indirectly need to be done in order to get maximum results.

1.2

Goal a)

Learn deeply about the types of phytoplankton found in marine waters. So it can recognize and distinguish phytoplankton and zooplankton

b)

Introduction to the sampling method techniques and the counting of phytoplankton and zooplankton

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II. 2.1

LIBRARY OVERVIEW

Plankton Plankton is a Greek word that means "wanders" and plankton is used to define all pelagic organisms that are more heavily influenced by the movement of water than by their own (Soegianto, 2004). The ability to swim planktonic organisms is so weak that the movements are strongly influenced by the movement of Water (Nybakken, 1982). Plankton is divided into 2 namely phytoplankton which is a plant-nature plankton organism and zooplankton which is an animal plankton organism (Barus, 2004). Plankton are floating organisms or hovering in the water with relatively passive movements (Sirait, 2011). The ability to swim planktonic organism organisms is so weak that the movement is heavily influenced by water movements (Nybakken, 1992). Plankton is a water organism at the first trophic level that serves as an energy provider. Plankton is divided into phytoplankton, namely the plant plankton and zooplankton, the animal Plankton (Barus, 2004). Plankton is a microorganism found living in irrigation both in rivers, reservoirs, lakes and irrigation of brackish and sea. These organisms both in terms of number and type are very much. Plankton is one of the main components in the food chain system (food chain (food web). Plankton is also a feed for a number of consumers in food chain systems and food nets. These Plankton are able to move their own active like that of animals and us as animal (zooplankton) and there are also plankton who can do assimilation (photosynthesis) as well as plants. This group is called Plankton Vegetable (phytoplankton). Plankton also has the ability to breed rapidly and can be easily cultivated in bulk, so there is no need to be feared they will be extinct (Fachrul, 2006).

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Nybakken (1992) classifies that plankton by size, this classification does not distinguish phytoplankton and zooplankton, this plankton consists of: A. Megaplankton is plankton that measures 2.0 mm. B. The macroplankton are plankton that measure 0.2 – 2.0 mm. C. The microplankton is the plankton measuring 20μm – 0.2 mm. D. Nanoplankton of Plankton measuring 2μm – 20μm. E. Ultraplankton i.e. plankton measuring less than 2 μm. Based on the life cycle of plankton can be known as the Holoplankton that is plankton whose entire life cycle is planktonic and a skyplankton that is plankton that only a cycle of life is planktonic. Plankton has motion tools (e.g. Flagella and Ciliata) so that it will be limited to the movement, but the movement does not adequately offset the movement of the water around it, it is said that plankton movements are heavily influenced by movement Water (Barus, 2004). 2.1.1

Phytoplankton Phytoplankton Is Organisms Microscopic That Life Drift, Floats In Water And Have Ability Motion That Limited. Phytoplankton Role As Wrong One Bioindicator That Capable Describe Conditions A Waters, Cosmolit Dan Development Is Dynamic Because Dominance One Species Can Replaced With That Other In Interval Time Certain Dan With Quality That Certain Also. Change Conditions Environment Waters Will Cause Change Also on Structure Community Components Biology, Especially Phytoplankton (Prabandani et al., 2007 In Sirait, 2011). Phytoplankton plays a very important role in the water ecosystem, because this group with the content of chlorophyll is able to do photosynthesis. The process of photosynthesis performed by phytoplankton is the main source of nutrients for other groups of

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water organisms that make up the food chain. The phytoplankton group dominates the freshwater waters of the primarily consisting of diatomic water and green algae and from the group of Blue algae (Barus, 2004 in Sirait, 2011). 2.1.2

Zooplankton Zooplankton is a very diverse animal plankton and consists of a wide variety of larvae and adult forms that represent almost all animal phylum. However, from an ecological angle, only a very important zooplankton is a subclass of Kopepoda. Kopepoda is a small-sized holoplanktonic Crustaceae dominating the zooplankton, which is the primary herbivorous (Nybakken, 1992). Most zooplankton rely on organic matter, both phytoplankton and detritus. The density of zooplankton in a water is much less than that of phytoplankton. Generally, zooplankton are found in water that has low current velocity and slight turbidity (Sirait, 2011). Zooplankton is called also animal plankton, is an animal whose life floats, or drifts in the sea. The ability of the pool is very limited to the very determined existence where the current carries. Zooplankton are heterotrophic, meaning they cannot produce their own organic material from inorganic materials. For his survival, he relied heavily on the organic material of the phytoplankton that became his food. Zooplankton is more functioning as a consumer of organic materials. The size is most common around 0.2 – 2 mm, but there are also large-sized for example jellyfish that can be up to one metre in size. The most common groups are found among others kopepod (copepod), Eufausid (Euphausid), Misid (Mysid), Amfipid (amphipod), Kaetognat (Chaetognath). Zooplankton can be found from the coastal

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waters, the waters in front of the estuary to the waters in the middle of the ocean, from tropical waters to polar waters (Nontji, 2008). Some zooplankton are living on the surface and some are living in deep waters. Some can perform daily vertical migrations from the inner layer to the surface. Almost all animals that are able to swim freely (Necton) or who live on the seabed (Benthos) undergo early life as a zooplankton when it is still an egg and larvae. Only later in the day, by adulthood, the nature of his life began as plankton turned into Necton or Benthos (Nontji, 2008).

2.2

Plankton Classification 2.2.1 Phytoplankton 2.2.1.1Bacillariophyceae Bacillariophyceae is a class of phytoplankton and is the most common component of phytoplankton found in waters. This class is a living as a pelagic diatoms and some are living as a bentic diatoms (Hasrun, 2013). Lubis et al. (2011) stated that in Bacillariophyceae is a common phytoplankton found in large waters and is often caught by plankton nets. Besides, Bacillariophyceae also has considerable resistance. Bacillariophyceae has a stronger cell wall against rainfall when compared to other groups such as Chlorophyceae. Bacillariophyceae has a very wide spread. The group inhabit the waters of freshwater, the seashore to the middle of the ocean. One of the most prolific coastal ecosystems and has an important role for the growth of diatoms is the mangrove ecosystem. Harahab (2010) in Hasrun (2013) said that the carriage of mangrove litter will be

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decomposed and produce nutrients that include nitrate and phosphate dissolved in water so that it will support the process of diatomic growth. This shows that the mangrove ecosystem contributes nutrients to the diatomic growth. The existence of diatoms greatly affects life in the waters as it plays an important role as a food source in the food chain for various marine organisms and contributes to the transfer of carbon, nitrogen and Pospat. Altered water function is caused by factors derived from nature and from human activities, often resulting in the alteration of the structure and quantitative values of microalgae, especially diatoms because these organisms have a response that varies from highly vulnerable to high tolerance to any conditions occurring in the waters. Based on the nature of his life diatoms are classified into 4 types, one of which is the type of epilitic diatoms has a physiological adaptation to attach to a hard kind subtrates like a hull, a port pole and a rock (Siregar et al, 2008). Diatom is one of the organisms commonly used as environmental bioindicators, especially those attached to a hard kind subtrates(epilithik diatom). It is associated with its glued withgelatinous extrusionwhich provides adhesiveness to objects or substrates. And its high level of adaptation to pressure and environmental change. The existence of epilitic diatoms influenced by various factors both water quality and kind subtrates where it is attached. The hull of the vessel is one of the substrates or the place of the epilitic diatoms. The existence and composition of epilitic diatoms on the hull of the vessel can be used as water indicator (Siregar etes Al., 2008).

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2.2.1.2 Cyanophyceae Cyanophyceae are found in heavily polluted waters, especially in the dissipation of industrial waste with less sunlight. Cyanophyceae consists of + 150 species derived from several

families,

Rivulariaceae,

namely

Oscilatoriaceae,

Chroococeae,

Nostacaceae,

Notochopcideae

and

Scytonemataceae (Widiana, 2009). The common families found in the waters are Oscillatoriaceae, Nostocaceae, Rivulariaceae and Chrooceae. The examples of the genus of each family are: 1) family Oscilatoriaceae, Oscilatoria, 2) Nostocaceae, Nostoc and Anabena, 3) Rivulariacea, Rivularia and 4) Chroococeae, Chroococus and Glueocapsa (Widiana, 2009). Cyanophyceae is a single-cell microalgae-shaped yarn with a still simple and autotrophic body structure. Its cell wall contains pectin, hemiselulose and cellulose sometimes – sometimes in the form of mucus, so Cyanophyceae is also commonly referred to as mucus algae (Mycophyceae). The type-shaped yarn can sometimes be seen to perform movements such as sliding on a wet base, but in fact Cyanophyceae cannot move. This is due to the absence of flogging feathers that cause movement (Widiana, 2009). Cyanophyceae has a very diverse morphological character, covering a variety of talus forms, i.e. unicellular, Colony,

unbranched

filament,

or

branched

filament.

Cyanophyceae both unicellular and filamentous sometimessometimes form structures that can be identified with the naked eye, but usually conquer a microscope to identify.

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Cyanophyceae range from 0.6 μm to 30 μm. The filament Cyanophyceae has a range of body diameters ranging from 0.4 μm to 45 μm even those that exceed 100 μm. Talus Cyanophyceae, both unicellular and filament that are envelop in a Gelatin sheath that has varying sizes (Widiana, 2009). The Cyanophyceae class is divided into 4 orders: Chroococcales, Oscillatoriales, Nostocales, and Stignematales. Ordo Chroococcales has 12 families, 35 genera and 98 species. Ordo Oscillatoriales has 6 families, 16 genera and 139 species. The order of Nostocales has 7 families, 16 genera and 109 species. The order of Stigonematales has three families, 6 genera and 15 species (Widiana, 2009). Cyanophyceae can be found in a variety of environmental conditions both aquatic and terrestrial such as sea, mud, swamp, freshwater, brackish, soil, and rocks. Nevertheless, there are also Cyanophyceae that live in extreme environments such as hot springs, mountains, volcanoes, Arctic, waters with high salinity and deserts (Widiana, 2009). 2.2.1.3 Dynophyceae Dinoflagellata is the most abundant type of marine phytoplankton after diatoms. Dinoflagellata is a single-leed phytoplankton, diameter of 20-200 μm and has a flagella for movement. Many of them can be photosynthetic with chloropas that blend into the structure. The average dinoflagellata grows slower in low nutrient concentration conditions compared to other algae groups. Generally the marine environment with low turbulence and high nutrients is much liked Endoparasite (Nitajohan, 2008).

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Epibentic dinoflagellates are a term for dinoflagellates whose lives stick to the subsrats in the sea. Epibentic dinoflagellates commonly live in sand, detritus floats, sticking to the macroalgae and seagrass surfaces, as well as the remainder sometimes swimming freely but still close to the surface of the place associated with its existence can Found in these various places, the epibentic dinoflagellates have complex ecological properties. Epibentic dinoflagellates are specifically associated with seagrass and macroalgae where high nutrient concentrations are available to grow (Nitajohan, 2008). All epibentic dinoflagellate species can potentially produce toxins getting results that many endoparasite in tropical areas that live or are associated with macroalgae, seagrass or other surfaces are toxic. A survey of the epibentic dinoflagellates of Okinawa, Japan, indicates the presence of toxins in all (nine) observed species (Anderson and Lobel, 1987). Furthermore, these species produce polyeter toxins (ciguatoxin and maitotoxin) that can enter into the food chain in the waters and cause Ciguatera Shellfish Poison (CSP) disease in humans as a result of eating the accumulated fish By the poison. The CSP's disease attacked digestion and worse, resulting in death. Each species of epibentic dinoflagellates has its own character in terms of potential resulting toxins, its presence in nature, and environmental Response (Nitajohan, 2008).

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2.2.1.4Chlorophyceae Chlorophyceae is a class member in the Chlorophyta division, a member of the algae plant group that is green because of the content of Khlorophil in Sel-selnya. Bold and Wynne (1978) mention that the green algae as the Chlorophycophyta Divisio, is one of the main groups of algae because of the abundance of its species and generations and its frequency is everywhere. Green Algae is very successful in occupying all the habitats of freshwater waters from a variety of elevations where fresh water is encountered. The ability to adapt chlamydomonadales to freshwater habitats is much more successful than life in sea or saltwater waters. The number of species of chlamydomonadales is much more in freshwater waters than in sea water. Most species of Chlamydomonadales live as Phytoplankton (population) and partly

as Periphyton (Periphyton) (Sagala, 2013). Chlorophyceae are green algae. Has chloroplasts containing chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and karotinoid. Chlorophyceae consist of small cells that form a branched or unbranched colony, there is also forming a colony resembling a high plant cormus. This algae commonly lives in freshwater and consists of a variety of orders, namely Chlorococcales, Ulotrichales,

Cladoporales,

Volvocales

and

Conjugales

(Widiana, 2009). The genus examples of each order are: 1) Examples of the genus Chlorococcales, Pediastrum and Clorococcum, 2) Ulotrichales,

Ulothrix,

3)

Cladoporales,

Cladopora,

4)

Volvocales, Poliblepharides, Clamidomonas and Volvox and 5)

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Conjugales, Clostridium, Desmidium, Spyrogira, Mougeotla and Zygnema (Widiana, 2009). 2.2.2Zooplankton 2.2.2.1Protozoa Kingdom Protista consists of protozoa, small-sized, from single-cell fauna to several phylum, some of which are known as the form found in the oceans are foraminifera, Radiolaria, Zooflagellata and ciliata. Protozoa are divided into four classes: Rhizopoda, ciliata, Flagelata, and Sporozoa (Sachlan, 1982). 2.2.2.2 Artropoda Phylum arthropods are the largest part of zooplankton and almost all belong to the crustacean class. Crustacean means the animals that have a shell consist of chitine or lime, which is difficult to be observed. One of the most important subclassifications for the waters is copepods which is a smallsized

holoplanktonic

crustacean

that

dominates

the

zooplankton in all seas and Oceans (Nybakken, 1992). 2.2.2.3 Moluska In the animal world, the mollusk phylum is the largest number two (Nybakken, 1992). Soft-body molluscs, not-inbetween and their bodies are covered by shells made of calcium carbonate. The case is useful to protect the inner organs and the contents of the abdominal cavity, but there is also a mollusk that does not. Between the body and the shell there is a wrap called coat. The reproduction occurred sexually with internal fertilisation (Bambang, 2004).

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2.2.2.4 Coelenterata Coelenterata or Cnidaria are marine invertebrates that are commonly found in adult levels. Biota-biota in this phylum include Hydra, jellyfish, sea anemone and Coral (Nybakken, 1992). Coelenterata has an interesting lifecycle. The asexual and sexual reproduction process demonstrates a life cycle associated with the planktonic period (Bambang, 2004). 2.2.2.5Chordata Members of the planktonic Chordata phylum are included in the Thaliacea and Larvacea classes, having a gelatin and feeding body by way of a food target of seawater. Larvaceae built the shells around him and pumped the water so that through a filter device inside the shell was continuously constructed and uninstalled (Nybakken, 1992). 2.2.2.6 Chaetognatha Chaetognatha is a marine invertebrate with a relatively small number of species but is very responsible for the food nets in the sea. These biota have features such as elongated body shapes such as torpedoes, transparent, paired organs...