Plant diversity lab - Professor Daniel Ferons PDF

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Professor Daniel Ferons ...

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Plant Diversity Lab Division Bryophyta, Hepatophyta and Anthocerophyta 1. Mosses have rhizoids instead of roots for anchoring. 2. Mosses do not have roots and stems to transport water, so they need a moist environment to avoid drying out. 3. The first generation produced in mosses is the gametophyte. 4. The second generation produced in mosses is the sporophyte. 5. Liverworts do not have stems, leaves, or roots. 6. Hornworts are found in tropical forests along streamside.

Division Pterophyta: Ferns 1. Ferns grow best in moist humid areas with low light. 2. Fern leaves are called fronds. 3. The horizontal stems of ferns are called rhizomes. 4. Ferns have spores instead of seeds. 5. The gametophyte stage of a fern is called prothallus. 6. There are about 12,000 species of ferns.

Division Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta and Gingophyta: Gymnosperms 1. Spruce, cedar, and pine trees are all examples of gymnosperms. 2. The cone shape helps protect plants from snow because the snow slides off, so it doesn’t break the branches off. 3. There are about 600 species of conifers. 4. The cup of a yew tree is called an aril. 5. Birds sometimes eat the cup and not the seeds because the seeds from the yew can be toxic. 6. Cycads resemble a palm but are not really a palm. 7. Ginkgophytes is a of group of gymnosperms that only have one surviving species. 8. Ginkgo biloba trees are originally from China.

9. The development of new structures and protection of the embryo allowed plants to move onto land. 10. The four groups of gymnosperms are conifers (ex: pine tree), cycads (ex: Byfield fern), ginkgophytes (ex: ginkgo tree), and gnetophytes (ex: Gnetum) 11. The major animal group gymnosperms are linked to is dinosaurs. 12. Conifers are the main plant of gymnosperms. 13. A cone is the part of the plant that contains the reproductive structures. 14. In pine trees, the female cone is larger than the male cone. 15. The ovule encases the fertilized egg cell. 16. The advantage of a needle over a flat leaf is that the needle is significantly less likely to get weighed down by water or snow causing it to break off. 17. The cuticle is a water permeability barrier and it prevents the plant from loosing too much water.

Division Anthophyta: Angiosperms 1. Angiosperms are flowering plants. 2. angiosperm seeds are found in a flower. 3. Before angiosperms can reproduce, they must go through pollination. 4. Monocots start with one seed leaf. 5. Dicots start with two seed leaves. 6. There are about 30,000 species of monocots. 7. There are about 200,000 species of dicots. 9. Gymnosperms more successful than angiosperms in cold and dry environments. They can survive in more extreme conditions than angiosperms can. 10. Angiosperms get their name because the _seeds_ are produced inside a _carpel_.  A seed contains food for the embryo and a protective coating.  The function of fruit in an angiosperm is related to reproduction and they protect the enclosed seed. 11. The two functions of the roots is to anchor the plant in place and suck up water and nutrients. 12. The two functions of the stems are to support and hold the leaves and to conduct water and minerals across the plant.

Monocots

Dicots

One cotyledon

Two cotyledons

Flower parts in multiples of 3

Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5

Parallel leaf veins

Net leaf veins

Fibrous root structure

Primary and Adventitious roots

Vascular bundles scattered

Vascular bundles together

Plant Diversity and Evolution Connection: In bryophytes, ferns, and angiosperms water is required for reproduction, but in gymnosperms, water is not required for reproduction. Every group has vascular tissue apart from bryophytes which do not have vascular tissue. Ferns are the only group has rhizomes as roots. Angiosperms are a flowering plant and ferns have no seeds. Angiosperms are more successful than other plants because they have good reproduction systems and they compact DNA and cells. Angiosperms had to evolve with pollinators to be able to reproduce. Some angiosperms evolved flowers with nectar to attract insects that helped them spread their pollen....