Plate tectonics:Earthquakes Study Guide PDF

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Study/Review Guide for Exam 2 – includes Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes review material. Also includes selected mastering geology sample questions...

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Pl a t et e c t oni c s Te xt bo ok:c ha pt e r7 Wha ti st hec o nt i ne n t a ld r i f th ypot he s i s ?  Al f r e dWe g e ne rs u g g e s t e dt ha tt he r eha do nc ebe e nas upe r c o nt i ne ntc a l l e d Pa n g a e at ha tbe g a nbr e a ki n ga pa r ta bout20 0mi l l i ony e a r sa g o–h i sh ypo t h e s i s s t a t e dt h a tt hec ont i ne nt sd r i f t e ds l o wl ya c r os st heEa r t h ’ ss u r f a c et opr e s e nt l o c a t i o nsa ndc ont i ne nt sbr ok et hr ou g ht heoc e a nc r us t Wha ti sPa n g a e a ?  Me a nson el and( Pa nt ha l a s s ame a nsones e a) Wha twa st hee v i de nc eo ffe r e db yAl f r e dWe g e ne rt os u ppo r thi sc ont i ne nt a ldr i f t h y po t he s i s ?    

Fi tofSou t hAme r i c aa ndAf r i c a Pa t t e r n sofg l a c i a t i o ns( pa l e oc l i ma t e s / a nc i e ntc l i ma t e s ) f os s i l sma t c ha c r os st hes e a s r oc kt ype s& s t r uc t ur e s

Wh ydi df e ws c i e nt i s t ss u ppor tWe g e ne r ’ st h e or y ? c ha ni s m=nopr oc e s s  Nome Wha ti st heonl yl i q ui dl a y e rwi t hi nt heEa r t h?  Out e rc or e Wha ti st hel i t hos phe r e ?    

Ri gi do ut e rl a y e r c omp os e dofc r us ta ndu ppe r mos tpa r toft hema n t l e floa t so nt o poft hes l o wl ymo v i n ga s t h e nos phe r e c ompos e dofi ndi vi dua l spi e c e sc a l l e dpl a t e s

Wha ti st hea s t h e nos phe r e ?  Pa r toft hema nt l e

 e xi s tbe ne a t ht hel i t hos p he r e  ho t t e ra ndwe a k e rt ha nl i t h os p he r e  a l l o wsf ormo t i ono fl i t hos phe r e Wha ti st her e l a t i ons h i pbe t we e nt hel i t hos phe r e ,t hea s t h e nos phe r e ,a ndpl a t e t e c t o ni c s ? i t h os p he r es i t sont o poft hea s t h e no s p he r ea ndt hep l a t et e c t oni c sf or ms  Thel ont h el i t hos phe r ea ndmo v e sa r oundont o poft hea s t h e nos phe r e Wha ti sat e c t oni cpl a t e ?  At e c t o ni cpl a t e( a l s oc a l l e dl i t hos phe r i cpl a t e )i sama s s i v e ,i r r e gul a r l ys h a pe d s l a bofs o l i dr oc k,g e ne r a l l yc ompos e dofbo t hc o nt i ne nt a la ndo c e a ni c l i t h os p he r eCHECKBOOK Ar et e c t o ni cpl a t e sc ompo s e dofl i t h os p he r eo ra s t h e nos phe r e ? t hos phe r e  Li Wha tpa r t sofat e c t oni cpl a t ea r ea c t i v e( v o l c a noe sa nde a r t hq ua k e s ) ?  Te c t oni cpl a t e sa r ea c t i v ea r eDi v e r g e n ta ndCon v e r g e ntbounda r i e s Wha ta r et hei n t e r i o r so fpl a t e sl i k e ?  Ha v ei nt e r i o r st ha ta r er e l a t i v e l yt e c t o ni c a l l yi na c t i v e Wha tt ype sofpl a t eboun da r i e sa r et h e r e ?I nwhi c hon e si sc r u s tc r e a t e d?De s t r o y e d?  Di v e r g e nt ,Con v e r g e nt ,Tr a ns f o r m  Cr us ti sc r e a t e da tdi v e r g e ntbo unda r i e sa ndde s t r o y e da tc on v e r g e nt . Cr us ti s ne i t he rc r e a t e dnorde s t r o y e da tt r a ns f o r mbounda r i e s Wha ti sadi v e r g e n tbounda r y ?    

Twopl a t e smo v ea pa r t( a l s oc a l l e dc ons t r uc t i v ema r g i ns ) I nc l ude sc ont i ne nt a lr i f t i n ga ndne ws e a floorc on s t r u c t i o n Cr e a t e sne woc e a ni cl i t ho s p he r e Or i gi na t e swi t hi nne wc o nt i ne nt s

Wha ta r et hes t e psi nc ont i ne nt a lr i f t i n g ?Na mee x a mpl e sofe a c hs t e pi nt hi spr oc e s s .

1.Ri f tv a l l e yi sf o r me d–Vo l c a ni ca c t i vi t y( Exa mp l e :Ea s tAf r i c a nr i f t ) 2.Li ne a rs e af or ms–ne ws e a floori sc r e a t e d( Exa mpl e :Re dSe a ) 3.Oc e a nba s i nf o r ms–oc e a ni cr i d g es y s t e mi sa tt hec e nt e r( Ex a mpl e :Mi dAt l a nt i cr i d g e ) Wha ta r eo c e a ni cr i dg e sa ndho wdot he yr e l a t et ot hedi v e r g e ntpl a t ebound a r i e s ?  Oc e a ni cr i d g e sa r eund e r wa t e rmount a i nr a n g e se xt e ndi n gi nac ha i nt hr ou gha l l t hewor l d' soc e a ns ,a n dt he ya r et hel a r g e s tf e a t ur e si noc e a nba s i ns  Mos tdi v e r g e ntbo unda r i e soc c ura to c e a nr i dg e s Wha ti ss e a floors p r e a di n g ?Ho wdoe si tr e l a t et ot hea g eoft hes e a floor ? woc e a nfloori sc ont i nuou s l yf o r me da l on gt heoc e a ni cr i d g es y s t e m,  Ne e xi s t i n gr oc ksmo v ea wa yf r om t her i dg e s ;o l doc e a nfloori sc ons u me da si t de s c e ndsi nt ot heEa r t h ’ si n t e r i o ra d j a c e n tt ot r e nc he s  Fl oori sy o un g e s tne a rt heo c e a ni cr i dg e sa ndol d e s ta l on gt h ee d g e soft he oc e a ns Wha te a r t h qua k ea ndv ol c a ni cha z a r dso c c ura tdi v e r g e ntpl a t ebo unda r i e s ? r t hq ua k e s ,v ol c a noe s ,l a v aflo ws–As hi nt hea t mos p he r e ,floodi n gduet o  Ea me l t e di c ef r omi c et o p Wha ti sac on v e r g e ntbounda r y( d e s t r uc t i v ema r gi ns ) ?  Twopl a t e sc ol l i d e ;  pl a t e sc ol l i de ,a no c e a nt r e n c hf or ms ,a ndl i t hos phe r ei ss u bduc t e di n t ot he ma nt l e  r e s u l tofc ol l i s i o ni sde pe nde ntupont h et ypeofc on v e r g e nc e Wha tt ype sofc on v e r g e ntboun da r i e sa r et h e r e ?Na mee x a mpl e soft hedi ffe r e ntt ype s ofc on v e r g e ntb ounda r i e s . 1.Oc e a ni c Cont i n e nt a l o De ns e roc e a n i cs l a bs i nk si nt ot hea s t he nos p he r e o Poc k e t so fma gmade v e l opa n dr i s e o Cont i n e nt a lv ol c a ni ca r c sf or m( e . g . Ca s c a deMount a i nsa ndAnde s ) 2.Oc e a ni c Oc e a ni c o Twooc e a ni cs l a bsc on v e r g ea n donede s c e ndsb e ne a t ht heo t he r o Of t e nf or msv ol c a noe so nt heoc e a nfloor

o Vol c a ni ci s l a nda r c sf o r ma sv ol c a noe se me r g ef r om t hes e a( e . g . Al e ut i a nI s l a nds ,Ma r i a naI s l a n ds ) 3.Cont i n e nt a l Cont i n e nt a l o Whe npl a t e sc ont a i nc ont i ne nt a lma t e r i a l ,t woc ont i ne nt sc ol l i d e o Ca npr oduc ene wmount a i nr a n g e s( e . g .Hi ma l a y a s ,Appa l a c hi a ns ) Ho wdoe st hec o mp os i t i o noft hec r u s tde t e r mi newha th a ppe nsa tc on v e r g e ntz o ne s ?  Oc e a ni cpl a t e sa r et hi nne ra ndde ns e rwhi l ec ont i ne nt a lpl a t e sa r et hi c k e ra n d l i ght e r Wha ti ss ub duc t i on?Wha tde t e r mi n e swhi c hp l a t ewi l ls u bduc t ? nol dl i t hos phe r ei st hr us ti nt ot h ema nt l et obede s t r o y e d  Whe  Onl yo c e a ni cp l a t e sc a nbes u bduc t e d( c ont i ne nt a lpl a t e sa r el e s sde ns e ) Whe r edoe a r t hq ua k e sf o r mi nac on v e r g e ntp l a t eb ounda r y ? ni offz one  Be Whe r edov ol c a n i ci s l a n da r c sf or m?Whe r ed oc ont i ne nt a lv o l c a ni ca r c sf o r m?  Vol c a ni ci s l a nda r c s :Oc e a ni c oc e a n i cc on v e r g e nc ez onea bo v et hes u bdu c t i o n Exa mpl e :Al e ut i a nI s l a nds ,Al a s ka ) z one(  Cont i n e nt a lv ol c a ni ca r c s :Cont i ne nt a l c ont i n e nt a lc on v e r g e nc ez onea bo v e s u bduc t i onz one( Exa mpl e :Hi ma l a y a si nI ndi a n) Wha tha z a r dsa r ea s s oc i a t e dwi t hc on v e r g e ntb ounda r i e s ?  Vol c a noe s , Ea r t h qua k e s , Ts una mi s Wha ti sat r a ns f o r m bo unda r y ?Na mea ne x a mpl eofat r a ns f o r mbounda r y .  Pl a t e ss l i dep a s tonea no t h e r ;none wc r us ti sc r e a t e dnorde s t r o y e d  Mos tj oi nt wos e gme nt sofami do c e a nr i dg e  Ex a mpl e :Sa nAndr e a sFa ul ti ns out he r nCa l i f or n i awhi c hr u nsf r omSa n Fr a nc i s c ot oLosAn g e l e s Wha tha z a r dsa r ea s s oc i a t e dwi t ht r a ns f o r mbounda r i e s ?  Ea r t hq ua k e s

De s c r i b ei nde t a i lwha tha ppe nsa tt hedi ffe r e n tpl a t ebounda r i e s . Gi v e napl a t eboun da r yc r os ss e c t i on,b ea bl et oi de nt i f yt het ypeofb ounda r ya nd i n di c a t ewhe r ee a r t hq ua k e s , v o l c a noe s , c ont i n e nt a lv o l c a ni ca r c s , v o l c a ni ci s l a nda r c s a n ddi ffe r e ntbounda r yt ype soc c ur . Wh ydot he yoc c urt he r e ? Wha ti st hea g eoft heoc e a nfloor ?Whe r ei si ty o un g e s ta ndwhe r ei si tol d e s t ?  Le s st ha n20 0mi l l i ony e a r sol d;y o un g e s ta to c e a ni cr i dg e sa ndol de s ta l on g e d g e so foc e a n Ho wdoe st hepa t t e r no fe a r t hq ua k e sa n dv o l c a noe spr o v i d ee v i de nc ef o rpl a t e t e c t o ni c s ? e c t o ni ca c t i v i t yi nt hemi ddl eofp l a t e s  Not  EQsoc c ura l on ga l lpl a t eboun da r i e s  Mos tt e c t o ni ca c t i v i t yi sa s s o c i a t e dwi t hpl a t eboun da r i e s Ear t hquake s Te xt bo ok:Chapt e r5 Wha ti sa ne a r t h qua k e ? ys h a ki n goft hegr oundc a us e db yt hes u dde nr e l e a s eofe ne r gyb yr oc ksi n  An t heEa r t h ’ ss u r f a c e–a s s oc i a t e dw/mo v e me nta l on gf a ul t s  Oc c ura t3f oc usde p t hs( s h a l l o w, i nt e r me d i a t e ,de e p) Unde r s t a ndt heEl a s t i cRe boun dThe or yofe a r t h qua k e s .Ex pl a i nt hes t e psi nEl a s t i c Re bo undThe or y . r e s sw/nos t r a i n( s t r a i ni sac ha n g ei ns h a pe ) A.St B.St r e s spr oduc e ss t r a i n C.Fa ul tbr e a ks D.St r a i ne ne r gyr e l e a s e da ss h a ki n g  Expl a n a t i onf orho we ne r gyi sr e l e a s e ddur i n ga nEa r t hq ua k e Wha ti st hee pi c e nt e rofa ne a r t h qua k e ? oi ntont heEa r t h ’ ss u r f a c edi r e c t l ya bo v et hef o c us  Thep

Wha ti st hef o c us ?  Thep l a c ewi t hi nt heEa r t hwhe r ee a r t hq ua k ewa v e sor i gi na t e Wha ta r es e i s mi cwa v e s ?  Thes h oc kwa v e sc a us e db yt h ee a r t h q ua k e Expl a i na nddi ffe r e nt i a t eb e t we e nt h e4t ype sofs e i s mi cwa v e s 1.Bod yWa v e I .Pwa v e( pr i ma r y)–pus ha ndp ul l I I .Swa v e( s e c ond )–upa nddo wn 2.Su r f a c eWa v e( c a us emos tEQda ma g e ) I .Lo v ewa v e( s i d et os i de ) I I .Ra y l e i ghwa v e( upa ndd o wn) Wha ta r et he i rpr op e r t i e s ? Wh i c ha r ef a s t e s t / s l o we s t ?Whi c ha r emos tda ma gi n g / de s t r uc t i v e ?Whi c hha v et he hi ghe s ta mpl i t ude s ?  Fa s t e s t :Pwa v e s( r e a c he ss e i s mo gr a phfir s t ) ;Sl o we s t :Sur f a c ewa v e s ;Mos t da ma gi n g / hi ghe s ta mpl i t ud e :Sur f a c ewa v e s Ca nonl ye a r t hq ua k e sbel o c a t e dwi t has e i s mome t e r ?  No ,i tc a nde t e c ta n y t hi n gt ha tpr od uc e svi br a t i onsi nt heEa r t h.( e x .Nuc l e a r e xpl o s i on s ) Wha tdi ffe r e nt i a t e ss h a l l o w, i nt e r me d i a t ea n dde e pf oc use a r t hq ua k e s ?Wh e r ea r ee a c h oft h e s ef o und?I np a r t i c ul a r ,wha ti st her ol eofp l a t et e c t o ni c si nt hede pt ha nd po s i t i o nofe a r t h qua k e s ?Wh ya r ede e pa n di nt e r me d i a t ee a r t hq ua k e sonl yf o un da t c on v e r g e ntma r g i ns ? l l o wEQsa r ef o unda ta l lp l a t eb ounda r i e s . I nt e r me di a t ea ndde e pa r eonl y  Sha f oundi nOOa ndOCc on v e r g e ntbou nda r i e s Wha ti st heBe ni o ffz one ?  Zo neofe a r t h q ua k eont het opoft hes u bduc t i n gpl a t e

 EQsc a us e da spl a t e ss c r a pea g a i ns te a c hot he r Wha ts o r t sofboun da r i e sa r eBe n i offz one sf o unda t ? v e r g e n ts ub duc t i onz o ne s  Con Wha ti sat s u na mi ?  Tsunamis are seismic sea waves – produced by a large earthquake w/ an oceanic epicenter Atwha tboun da r yt ype sd ot s u na mioc c ur ?  Convergent plate boundaries

 The point within Earth from which earthquake wave energy radiates is known by which of the following terms? Focus  On average, how many damaging earthquakes occur each year? 1,000  Most earthquakes are the result of movement along which of the following features? faults  Which of the following events allows rocks on either side of a fault to rebound elastically, causing an earthquake? Friction along the fault plane is overcome.  Which of the following describes the type of deformation experienced by rocks before an earthquake? slow deformation  How are elastic rebound and elastic deformation different? Elastic deformation causes objects to bend, whereas rebound causes objects to return to their original shape.  Elastic deformation before an earthquake is like _______, whereas rupture is like__________. stretching a rubber band; breaking a rubber band  What will happen to a straight fence that undergoes elastic strain during an earthquake? The fence will bend in the direction of stress  Name two types of body waves. P waves and S waves  What are the two primary types of waves generated by earthquakes? Surface waves and body waves  Where do body waves and surface waves travel? Body waves travel within Earth, and surface waves travel along Earth's surface  What do vertical and horizontal surface waves have in common? Both waves travel along Earth's surface and decrease in amplitude with depth below the surface.  How do rocks within Earth change as P waves pass? Rocks within Earth both expand and contract as P waves pass  How does rock within Earth change as S waves pass? Rocks within Earth are displaced up and down as S waves pass  How are S waves and vertical surface waves different? S waves are body waves, whereas vertical surface waves are surface waves. The amplitude of S waves does not decrease with depth, but the amplitude of vertical surface waves does decrease with depth.  Which of the following is a characteristic of an S wave? “shaking” particle motion at right angles to the direction of wave travel  What best describes the movement of P waves? Compression and expansion

 Amongst all seismic waves, surface waves __________. Have the slowest velocity  The names primary and secondary refer to ___________. Wave Speed  When matching up once-joined continents such as South America and Africa, the coastlines do not fit together as nicely as the continental shelves. Why might this be the case? The continental shelves are the edges of the continent. The shoreline simply shows where the sea level is in relation to topography.  What evidence supports that the glaciers on the southern continents were once part of a single, massive ice sheet? Striations  Which of the following statements about tectonic plates is true? Most tectonic plates contain both oceanic and continental lithosphere  What is the relationship between continent edges and plate boundaries? Very few plate boundaries follow the edges of continents  What was the Tethys Sea? a piece of the Panthalassa Ocean that existed after the Pangaean supercontinent formed  What was Pangaea? a supercontinent that began to break apart about 200 million years ago  What were the names of the two smaller super continents that formed when Pangaea broke apart? Laurasia and Gondwanaland  Which supercontinent contained Africa and South America? Gondwanaland  What caused the formation of the Himalayas? The collision of India and Asia  Which of the following is a layer of the Earth that is classified NOT by composition, but by physical properties? Asthenosphere  Oceanic lithosphere contains oceanic crust and the __________. outermost part of mantle beneath the oceanic crust  How is the thickness of the lithosphere going to change as it moves away from a divergent plate boundary? Lithosphere gets thicker as more mantle added  What is the main material being subducted at an ocean-continent convergent boundary? Oceanic lithosphere  What are two differences between oceanic crust and continental crust? The continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust.  Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with uplifting continental regions and mountain building? Convergent

 In general, where do volcanoes form in subduction zones? on the overriding plate, away from the convergent boundary  The East African rift is a divergent plate boundary that is splitting the continent of Africa into two pieces. What will eventually form around this divergent boundary? An ocean  Where are most modern divergent plate boundaries found? At midocean ridges  Which type of faulting is associated with the development of new ocean floor? Normal faulting  What causes melting of material under divergent plate boundaries? Decompression of rocks  Name the correct order of rifting events. crustal upwarp, rift valley, linear sea, ocean  The Gulf of Aden represents which part of the rifting sequence? Linear sea  The timing of __________ and continental breakup strongly correlate. Flood basalt formation  What feature connects the South American Paraná and African Entedeka flood basalts? Seamount chains  What sequence of rocks would you expect rift valley evolution to produce, from oldest to youngest? volcanic rocks, clastic sedimentary rocks, deep sea sedimentary rocks  Why are volcanic chains associated with convergent boundaries? Partial melting occurs due to subduction

Exampl e sofPl a t eBoundar i e s Di v e r g e nt : Onl a nd:Ea s tAf r i c a nRi f tVa l l e y& I c e l a nd I nt heoc e a n:Mi d At l a nt i cRi d g e& Ax i a lSe a mount

Conv e r g e nt : Oc e a noc e a nc on v e r g e nc e :Al e u t i a nI s l a nds , Al a s ka Oc e a nc ont i ne ntc on v e r g e nc e :Ca s c a deMount a i n s( e . g . ,MtRa i n i e ra ndMtStHe l e ns )i n Wa s h i n gt ona ndOr e g o n Cont i ne n t c ont i ne ntc on v e r g e nc e :Hi ma l a y a s

Tr a ns f o r m Sa nAndr e a sFa ul ti ns ou t he r nCa l i f or ni awhi c hr unsf r omSa nFr a nc i s c ot oLosAn g e l e s...