Possible Essay Questions for Exam 4 PDF

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Bio 161 Possible Essay Questions

1 points EC for each can of food you bring, limit of 10 cans (so limit 10 EC points) Required Essays (choose 3, more for EC!) 1. Explain the hormonal regulation of the ovarian and uterine cycle of the female reproductive system from day 1 (the start of menstruation) to day 28. Menstrual phase (From day 1 to 5).  May experience cramps caused by the contraction of the uterine and the abdominal muscles to expel the menstrual fluid. Follicular phase (From day 1 to 13)  The pituitary gland secretes a hormone that stimulates the egg cells in the ovaries to grow.  While the egg cell matures, its follicle secretes a hormone that stimulates the uterus to develop a lining of blood vessels and soft tissue called endometrium. Ovulation phase (Day 14)  The pituitary gland secretes a hormone that causes the ovary to release the matured egg cell. Luteal phase (From day 15 to 28)  The hormone that causes the uterus to retain its endometrium gets used up by the end of the menstrual cycle. This causes the menstrual phase of the next cycle to begin.

2. Explain the similarities and differences in the processes and ultimate results of mitosis and meiosis. Draw a meiotic division. Mitosis is a process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells developing from a single parent cell. Meiosis is the division of a germ cell involving two fissions of the nucleus and giving rise to four gametes, or sex cells, each possessing half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. Both go through Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

3. Name 3 prevalent STD’s, how they are transmitted, what happens during the infection process, how they are treated. Chlamydia  transmitted during vaginal, oral, or anal sexual contact with an infected partner.  If the infection reaches the uterus, oviducts, and ovaries, it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and sterility.  Treated using antibiotics via mouth. Syphilis  passed from person to person during vaginal, anal, or oral sex through direct contact with sores, called chancres.  The first sign of syphilis is a chancre, a painless genital sore that most often appears on the penis or in and around the vagina.  treated with penicillin Gonorrhea  You can get gonorrhea by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has gonorrhea.  infections in the genitals, rectum, and throat. All cause pelvic inflammatory disease ((PID), ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and the potential spread to the developing fetus if acquired during pregnancy.  treated with antibiotics such as ceftriaxone, azithromycin, and doxycycline.

4. Many types of cancers (ovarian cancer, for example) show no symptoms until they are well advanced. What might be the consequence for the patient? Well if the cancer symptoms don’t show up until it’s well advanced than it may be too late for treatment and the patient can die.

5. Why are lymph nodes surrounding a breast with an invasive cancer often removed when a mastectomy is performed? The lymph nodes in the underarm are the first place breast cancer is likely to spread.

Extra Credit Short Essay on Fat Trap Article 5 points Describe your understanding of the point of the article, and offer your opinions. This essay is posted in your review folder

5 point EC essay on video by Peter Attia:, describe problem and your opinion on it.

Peter Attia: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMhLBPPtlrY

EC, 1 point each

10) What are some risk factors for developing breast cancer? Some of the risk factors for developing breast cancer are: (1) early onset of menses and late menopause; (2) first pregnancy late in life or no pregnancies at all; (3) familial history of breast cancer; (4) postmenopausal hormone replacement.

13) Explain the function of the myometrium and endometrium. The myometrium plays an active role during childbirth when it contracts rhythmically to force the baby out of the mother's body. The endometrium is the innermost lining of the uterus where the embryo implants and stays for the rest of its development.

15) What is the physiological importance of the fact that the male testes descend to reside in the scrotal sac? The male testes descend into the scrotal sac so that a fairly constant intrascrotal temperature is maintained. Failure of the testes to descend results in sterility, because production of viable spermatozoa requires a temperature several degrees lower than normal body temperature.

17) At what point is the sex of the embryo determined, and what determines it? Genetic sex is determined at the instant the genes of a sperm combine with those of an ovum. The determining factor is the sex chromosomes each gamete contains.

Clinical Questions 1) Teresa has been complaining of severe abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, and a lowgrade fever. What might be the doctor's diagnosis, and how should the condition be treated? The symptoms sound like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Early treatment should include antibiotics (tetracycline or penicillin).

2) A 38-year-old male is upset about his low sperm count and visits a "practitioner" who commonly advertises his miracle cures of sterility. The practitioner is a quack who treats conditions of low sperm count with megadoses of testosterone. Although his patients experience a huge surge in libido, their sperm count is even lower after hormone treatment. Explain why. Megadoses of testosterone would inhibit hypothalamic release of GnRH and may act directly on the anterior pituitary to inhibit gonadotropin (FSH) release. Spermatogenesis is inhibited in the absence of FSH stimulation.

3) Debbye has been having pelvic pain, especially during her monthly period, for many months. She has been to several doctors and they all tell her that she is just experiencing extra-heavy monthly flows. The tests all turn up negative. She has been trying to conceive but nothing works. What could the problem be? Debbye has endometriosis. This problem is very difficult to diagnose and every case is different. Generally it requires laparoscopic views to find the problem. Endometriosis can cause sterility by blocking the uterine tubes, which prevents the sperm from getting to the egg or the egg from getting to the uterus.

4) Based on your knowledge of how the prostate encircles part of the urethra, what are two clinical manifestations of an enlarged prostate? Awakening at night to void caused by decreasing bladder capacity from an enlarging prostate; a small urinary stream; hesitancy in starting the urinary stream; dribbling at the end of voiding

6) Explain the purpose of tamoxifen in breast cancer treatment. Tamoxifen binds to estrogen receptors and inhibits estrogen-mediated tumor growth.

7) What are some possible complications a patient may have after a radical mastectomy? The entire breast is removed along with underlying muscles, fascia, and associated lymph nodes. Therefore, the patient might experience lymphedema related to edema on the operative side. The patient may also experience problems with arm function due to the removal of muscles. The patient might experience muscle shortening and decreased muscle tone of other muscles on the

affected side.

8) Describe Bioinformatics. List possible future benefits of this field of research.

9) (5 points EC!) In the 1950’s, a young woman sued film star/director Charlie Chaplin for parental support of her illegitimate child. Charlie Chaplin’s blood type was already on record as type AB. The mother of the child had type A and her son had type O blood. a. Complete a Punnett square for the possible cross of Charlie and the mother.The judge ruled in favor of the mother and ordered Charlie Chaplin to pay child support costs of the child. Was the judge correct in his decision based on blood typing evidence? Explain why or why not. *refer to any Punnett squares to support your answer. A AA

B AB

O AO

BO

A

The judge was wrong because type O blood is a recessive gene and the only possible blood types their children could have are AB, A, A with a carrier of O, and B with a carrier of O....