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350-401 Motivation: Potential Short Answer Questions Test 1 Define and provide an example to explain the difference between push and pull motivations. Is a biological and psychological motive. You can push towards a goal. Internal states dictate en state. Example: I”m hungry so I eat. Environment pulls individuals towards a goal (behavior). It’s positive reinforcement. Example: I go to work to get payed.

Compare and contrast internal sources and external sources of motivation. Make sure to include an example to illustrate the difference. Internal sources are biological, they are physical characteristics of body and brain to motivate behavior (its homeostasis, optimal level of biological functioning). External sources are environmental stimuli. They characterize as incentive and goals that can attract or repel.Positive characteristics attract/pull toward incentive.Negative characteristic repel away. A higher incentive makes it more likely to motivate. Example External motivation – the driving force that triggers you in achieving your goal. Such as: money, prize, a simple smile and encouragement. Internal motivation – the force that leads you to achieve a goal because of personal satisfaction or desire. Examples are: Putting up your own business. Participating in a competition.

Define and provide an example for each of the three dimensions of a motivational sequence (choice, instrumental behavior, consummatory behavior). Three mechanisms process is based on firstly, affective forecasting which is expected subjective positive or negative feelings. It is present feelings associated with future anticipated behaviour (Troland 1928). “Think it will feel good, feel good now”. It is less accurate. We still

principally use it to motivate our behaviour. Example the Spring break study (Wirtz et al., 2003). Questionnaire before during after to see how satisfied, enjoyment and fun. Secondly anticipatory response mechanism (Lachman 1960; Spence 1956). Goals produce imaginary involuntary behaviroal responses that relate to consummatory behavior. Example: salivating for thinking of food cooking. It can occur as responses to events that predict consummatory goal. Or in the context of overdose (Siege, 1982) where “usually in unfamiliar place where the end cannot anticipate”. Anticipation becomes more intense closer to ultimate goal.Thirdly, cognitive motivation is though processes that pull to goals. Visualize end state and plan a script to achieve end state. Easiest for concrete aspects of goals and accompanying consummatory behaviour. Example visualize eating pizza. If you visualize plan of action or steps to acquire goals. Example finding pizzeria, order from menu

Define and provide examples for biological, psychological and environmental sources of motivation. First of all, biological and psychological sources of motivation are internal sources and environmental are external. Biological is physical characteristics of body and brain to motivate behaviour. The degree of departure stimulates behaviourt. Psychological is emotions and reactions to external stimulus event that temporarily integrated physiological, cognitive and

behavioural reactions in adaptive response. Environmental stimuli is characteristics of incentive and goals that can attract or repel. Positive characteristics attract/ pull towards incentive. Negative characters repel away. A higher incentive is more likely to motivate. For example, in biological when ghrelin is release, which is a hormone that indicates hunger. Psychology recognition and expression so everyone recognizes anger as aggression behavior. Environmental you can look at the value of homework, higher value of homework in students associated with GPA.

Define Hedonism and outline how it was utilized across three different historical eras. Hedonism, we act the way we act in pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain. In the 1600s and 1700s it was seen as incentives of motivators for philosophers. Based on future, delayed present for future outcome. Early notion of cognitive motivation and affective forecasting, perception. It was also used in psychology with Sigmund Freud with the ID, ego and superego. Hedonism was also used in evolution as everyone is unique, fear is for survival and instinct and reflex. Natural selection

Name. define and provide an example for the four factors involved in Lewin’s (1936, 1938) Field Theory? The Field Theory by Lewin is behaviors occur with a specific life space. Person’s current internal and external environment. It contains objects and activities that will attract or repel individual. Its conscious awareness The four factors are; forces, motivational factors within life space which causes individuals to change/move from activities or objects to others. It also influenced by valence and distance. Valence is effects of object or activities. + valence attracts individuals. -

valence repels individuals. Bigger valence brings stronger force. Psychological distance is time and physical space. Tension is deficit in internal environment. Example,

Utilizing Evolutionary Theory, describe and provide examples of how and why love and jealousy have evolved. Relationships are motives for sexual desire. Intercourse is necessary for evolutionary goals. Survival of species related to short and long term cooperation between men and women in which short term; intercourse and longterm; care. Attractive people reproduce more thus good genes, healthy…Commitment important for females because they need help in raising children. Men prefer reproductive value for more children. Biosocial theory bigger/ stronger men to protect and women to care for children. As culture changes over time, mate value characteristics. Also seen, mate poaching, which is attempt to attract someone already in a relationship and this occurs universally

Utilizing Evolutionary Theory, describe and provide examples of how and why fear has evolved. Fear pushes individuals to avoid/ space dangerous stimuli. Behavioural response is an interaction between evolutionary history and individual history. It is universally felt and can occur spontaneously even without prior experience and or be continued. Spiders and snakes have been

felt and unknown personal origin of when the fear began. Fear of public speaking comes from social inclusiveness and value. Fear provides evolutionary adaptation to danger. Before it was survival value which induces escape/ avoidance behavior. Fear evolves to specific targets. Feature detectors in brain evolved to recognize certain environmental dangers.

Utilizing Evolutionary Theory, describe and provide examples of how and why children have innate taste preferences. There is a universal appeal of food preferences. Lack of environmental and cultural influence bring a tendency to avoid novel food to protect from eating toxic foods. We are a preference for sweets and aversion for sour/bitter. Physical expressions are shown from children. There is also preference because of the amniotic fluid while in the mother’s stomach. Example: evolutionary advantage of sweets; berries which are complex carbs…...