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Abnormal Psychology Chapter Seven Mood Disorders and Suicide Pamela describes herself as nervous and on edge. Sometimes she gets tearful. Her therapist believes that her symptoms warrant a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Which subtype would Pamela fall under? - **Anxiety features The DSM-5 recognizes subtypes for major depressive disorder. A person who has at least three symptoms of mania but does not meet the full criteria for a manic episode is diagnosed with... **Major depressive disorder with mixed features Hector suffers from feelings of guilt, is not interested in much of anything and has prominent depressive symptoms. Because of this, his psychologist has decided that he meets the criteria for the ______ features subtype of major depressive disorder. - **Melancholic Eleanor has auditory hallucinations along with her major depressive disorder. She would be diagnosed with which subtype? - **Psychotic Rachel has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Because she has major speech disturbances but is otherwise almost "frozen" in place, she meets the criteria for the subtype of... - **Catatonic features The subtype of major depressive disorder with _______ features refers to an odd assortment of symptoms such as hypersomnia, weight gain, and a long standing pattern of sensitivity to interpersonal rejection. - **Atypical Clint has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Because his depression has typically occurred during the winter months and it improves during the other seasons, the best subtype for Clint is.... - **with seasonal pattern Because Mary Jo experienced major depressive disorder about three weeks after her daughter, Lisa, was born, the subtype that best describes her situation is... - **with peripartum onset Ari's psychotherapist has diagnosed Ari with major depressive disorder with ________ features because Ari is experiencing hallucinations and delusions along with his depressive symptoms. - **Psychotic What person is statistically least likely to be depressed? - **Paula, a retied postman, aged 70 Quentin has been severely depressed for the last two weeks. However, he now feels mildly ecstatic. He is more energetic than normal and this has lasted for about four days before leveling off into more normal behavior. What is probably the best diagnosis of Quentin's behavior? **Bipolar II Disorder Matilda has been on top of the world for the past week. She feels invincible and that she can do no wrong. She is working on solving the world's major problems and is sure she can come up with an answer. Matilda is most likely experiencing.... - **Manic episode Jackie has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder because she experiences both depression and mania. What best describes Jackie's mania? - **Speaks rapidly in a quick fire fashion; emptied her checking account by going on a clothes buying spree; believes that she will write the great American novel over the weekend A person with ______ disorder chronically alternates between periods of hypomania and depression. - **Cyclothymic What are symptoms associated with bipolar diagnosed in children and adolescents? **Irritability and temper tantrums

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The criteria for a hypomanic episode are similar to those of a manic episode except that hypomania... - **involves a shorter duration and are not sever enough to interfere with daily functioning. _____ disorder symptoms are more chronic and less severe than those of bipolar disorder but do include both manic and depressive symptoms. - **Cyclothymic True or False: Children are not diagnosed with bipolar disorder. - **False A new disorder added in the DSM-5 Is disruptive ________ dysregulation disorder. This describes a child age 6 or older who shows immature and inappropriate temper outbursts that are out of proportion to reality. - **Mood It is probable that multiple ______ abnormalities contribute to depression. - **genetic What is involved in the fight or flight response? - **HPA What is true about the causes of mood disorders? - **Norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine have all been implicated in depression; first degree relatives of people with major depression are two to three times more likely to have depression than people without the disorder; people with depression tend to show elevated levels of the hormones cortisol and CRH What are drug treatments for depression? - **SSRI; SNRI; MAO Inhibitors Behavioral psychological theory of depression - **focus on the role of uncontrolled stressors Cognitive psychological theory of depression - **thinking controls and maintains depression Interpersonal psychological theory of depression - **focus is on how difficulty in relationships affects depression Sociocultural - **focus is on how depression affects different socioeconomic groups What is true in regard to ECT? - **It is used to treat depression; there are a series of treatments; electric current is passed through the brain Anne's therapist is interested in structuring opportunities for Anne to have increased positive reinforcement in her life and decreased aversive experiences. Her therapist most likely adheres to the... - **Behavioral perspective The _____ _______ behavioral theory was formulated by Seligman and states that the type of stressful event most likely to lead to depression is something that is uncontrollable and leads to low motivation and passivity. - **Learned helplessness In terms of brain abnormalities, what brain structures are associated with bipolar disorder? **Amygdala and the prefrontal cortex Research has found that _____% of people who commit suicide have diagnosable mental disorder. - **90 A ______ describes seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting, or smelling things that are not real. **hallucination It is very difficult to do research on ______ because reporting by family and friends may be selective and because it is relatively rare. - **Suicide Broad based suicide prevention programs may be harmful in that they may make suicide appear to be _______. - **Normal What are major focuses of interpersonal therapy? - **Investing in new relationships; learning better ways of communicating; discussing role transitions What are considered suicidal behavior? - **Suicide attempt; plan development; suicidal ideation European Americans suicide rate in the US - **highest Native Americans suicide rate in the US - **2nd highest African Americans suicide rate in the US - **3rd highest

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What does DBT focus on? - **Managing negative emotions; controlling impulsive behaviors; increasing problem solving skills What ae symptoms of a manic episode? - **Irritability with others; risky or impulsive behavior; extreme self confidence As opposed to people with bipolar disorder, people who are diagnosed with a depressive disorder of some kind experience only depression and not ______. - **Mania The World Health Organization (2012) has said that more people die worldwide from suicide than they do from_______. - **Homicide Shelia tells her therapist that she believes that the CIA is watching her, has tapped her phone and inserted electrodes into her head to monitor her thinking. What is Shelia experiencing? **Delusions ______ is a self inflicted destructive act with explicit or inferred intent to die. - **Suicide Interpersonal and social rhythms therapy (ISRT) is an enhancement of interpersonal therapy designed specifically for people with a diagnosis of ______ disorder. - **Bipolar Jeremy has been irritable and impatient with other people, claims that he will find a cure for cancer, and is attempting to get family members to invert their money in his plan. Most likely, the best description of what is happening with Jeremy is _____. - **a manic episode Research has shown that interpersonal therapy is.... - **as effective as behavioral, cognitivebehavioral, and drug therapies in the treatment of depressive disorders What are biological treatments for mood disorders? - **Deep brain stimulation; electroconvulsive therapy; medications; repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; vagus nerve stimulation When older people attempt suicide, - **they are usually more successful What are techniques of cognitive-behavioral therapy? - **Conducting time limited therapy sessions; focusing on specific problems; encouraging clients to set goals; encouraging clients to make decisions What is associated with Aaron Beck? - **Cognitive behavior therapy; the negative cognitive triad The ______ theory of depression suggests that life stress leads to depression because it reduces the positive reinforcers in a person's life. - **Behavioral _______ theorists have focused on how differences in the social conditions of different groups can lead to depression. - **Sociocultural Alyssa's new psychologist explains to her that the primary treatment goals for her are to change her negative patterns of thinking and to develop problem solving skills. The psychologist is reflecting the goals of .... - **Cognitive Behavior therapy The ______ neurotransmitters have been implicated in bipolar disorder as well as in major depressive disorder. - **Monoamine Research has identified a syndrome called complicated ________ that occurs in about 10-15% of bereaved people and involves the feeling that life is empty and meaningless. - **Grief In terms of brain abnormalities, what are structures associated with bipolar disorder? **Amygdala and prefrontal cortex The idea that there are degrees of depression ranging from very mild to quite severe reflects the idea that disorders occur.... - **on a continuum Behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, and interpersonal therapy are all _______ therapies. **psychological

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The type of therapy that focuses on discovering and challenging negative thinking is.... **Cognitive behavioral therapy What best describes psychomotor retardation, which may be a prominent feature in depressive disorders? - **Lack of energy; feeling fatigued; having more accidents What are biological factors in suicide? - **Low levels of serotonin; evidence from twin studies; genetic abnormalities In general, depression rates are quite low in those over the age of 65, except that they increase in those over the age of ______. - **85 Clinicians diagnose people who have four or more episodes of major depression, mania, hypomania, or mixed symptoms with the _____ cycling form of the disorder. - **Rapid The rate of suicide is underreported due to... - **the stigma against suicide is a great incentive for labeling a death anything but a suicide The ______ response theory, a cognitive theory, focuses more on the process of thinking than on the content of thinking as a contributor to depression. - **Ruminative Men are _____ than women to complete suicide. - **four times more likely As many as ______% of youth will experience an episode of depression before the age of 20. **24 One reason there may be a ______ difference in terms of suicide is that more than half of men who kill themselves use firearms. - **Gender What is a mood stabilizer used to treat bipolar disorder? - **Lithium What appears from the research to be a psychosocial contributors in bipolar disorder? **Stressful situations; changes in body rhythms; changes in routines; sensitivity to reward The diagnosis of _____ ______ disorder is new to the DSM-5 and refers to a mood disorder lasting at least 2 years in adults and involving depressed mood most of the day for most days during this period. - **Persistent depressive What are side effects from taking lithium? - **Abdominal pain and kidney dysfunction ______ therapy for mood disorders involves increasing positive reinforcers and decreasing aversive experiences. - **Behavioral A person who is suicidal requires immediate care and sometimes ______ if they are a danger to themselves or others. - **Hospitalization In terms of gender differences in depression, what is true? - **Women are twice as likely as men to have diagnoses of depressive disorders. According to Durkheim's classification system, egoistic suicide is committed by... - **People who lack social contracts, feel alone in an unsupportive world, are alienated Another term for bipolar was.... - **Manic depression Most people who develop bipolar disorder do so.... - **in late adolescence and early adulthood ______ therapy may help reduce seasonal affective disorder by resetting circadian rhythms, natural cycles of biological activity that occur every 24 hours. - **Light What are techniques of cognitive behavior therapy? - **Encouraging clients to set own goals, conducting time limited therapy sessions, focusing on specific problems, encouraging clients to make decisions The World Health Organization (2012) has said that more people die worldwide from suicide than they do from ______. - **Homicide What appears to be symptoms associated with bipolar diagnoses in children and adolescents? **Temper tantrums, irritiability

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Ari's psychotherapist has diagnosed Ari with major depressive disorder with ______ features because Ari is experiencing hallucinations and delusions along with his depressive symptoms. **Psychotic _______ therapy for mood disorders involves increasing positive reinforcers and decreasing aversive experiences. - **Behavioral What is used to treat depression and/or bipolar disorder? - **SSRI, tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors The criteria for major depressive disorder with _______ pattern refers to at least two years when major depressive disorder occurs during a particular time of year, usually winter, and improves at other times of the year. - **Seasonal A new disorder added in the DSM 5 is disruptive ______ dysregulation disorder. This describes a child age 6 or older who shows immature and inappropriate temper outbursts that are out of proportion to reality. - **Mood Interpersonal and social rhythms therapy (ISRT) is an enhancement of interpersonal therapy designed specifically for people with a diagnosis of _____ disorder. - **Bipolar What symptoms are present when a person has a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, with atypical features? - **Longstanding pattern of sensitivity to interpersonal rejection, hypersomnia, weight gain The two goals of ______ therapy are to change negative thinking patterns and problem solve. **Cognitive behavioral The ________ theory of depression suggest that life stress leads to depression because it reduces the positive reinforcers in a person's life. - **Behavioral What neurotransmitter is thought to be implicated in bipolar disorder? - **Dopamine What example represents the syndrome of complicated grief? - **Doreen's husband died two and half years ago and her daughter is worried about her attitude that life is meaningless. _______ theorists have focused on how differences in social conditions of different groups can lead to depression. - **Sociocultural Charles has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Because he also exhibits anxiety symptoms, he would fit DSM5 diagnosis of depression with ______ _______. - **anxious distress A ______ is a belief that has no basis in reality. - **Delusion Depression with ______ features involves strange behaviors that may range from complete lack of movement to excited agitation. - **Catatonic When they do occur, depressions in older people tend to... - **be severe, chronic, and debilitating What are symptoms often displayed by children with depression? - **Irritability, failure to gain expected weight _______ dysphoric disorder is diagnosed in women who regularly have significant increases in distress during the week before the onset of menses. - **Premenstrual The cardinal symptom of _______ is low mood that is out of proportion to any cause. **Depression What fits Durkheim's concept of altruistic suicide? - **A parent who saves his child from a car but dies, a suicide bomber Albert commits suicide because he lost his job in the steel plant and is confused as to his role in life. According to Durkheim, what type of suicide best describes Albert's? - **Anomic

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When two or more suicides or suicide attempts are non randomly bunched in space or time, scientists refer to this as a suicide ______. - **Cluster What areas of the brain have been implicated in depression through imaging? - **Anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala A decrease in suicide rates among adolescents since the mid 1990s is thought to be due to... **the increased use of anti depressants What are diagnostic requirements for persistent depressive disorder in adolescents and children? - **It has to persist for at least one year, mood can be depressed or irritable Studies on ethnic and racial differences in depression have shown that African Americans have lower _____ rates but higher _____ rates. - **Depression; anxiety What are the main aspects of hopelessness depression? - **Pessimistic causal attributions, fear of not being able to cope Della's grandmother sees things very differently than Della. The explanation for this is that each grew up in unique historical time. This is referred to as a ______ effect. - **Cohort People with depression have been found to have high levels of the hormone _______ indicating that their bodies overreact to stress. - **Cortisol Some studies suggest that youth with bipolar disorder have abnormalities in the _____ matter of their brain, the tissue that connects various structures in the brain and transmits messages between them. - **White What best describes the mechanism of action of SNRIs? - **Levels of serotonin are affected, they have a slight advantage over SSRI, in preventing relapse, levels of norepinephrine are affected In studies on ethnic and racial differences in depression, extremely high rates of depression have been found in _____. - **Native Americans What is the difference between mania and hypomania? - **Mania is much more severe than hypomania. The drug buproprion is useful in treating... - **cigarette craving What is true of the tricyclic antidepressant class of drugs? - **They were among the first drugs developed to treat depression, they are used less frequently today, they are fatal in overdose, they have a lot of side effectsPamela describes herself as nervous and on edge. Sometimes she gets tearful. Her therapist believes that her symptoms warrant a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Which subtype would Pamela fall under? - **Anxiety features The DSM-5 recognizes subtypes for major depressive disorder. A person who has at least three symptoms of mania but does not meet the full criteria for a manic episode is diagnosed with... **Major depressive disorder with mixed features Hector suffers from feelings of guilt, is not interested in much of anything and has prominent depressive symptoms. Because of this, his psychologist has decided that he meets the criteria for the ______ features subtype of major depressive disorder. - **Melancholic Eleanor has auditory hallucinations along with her major depressive disorder. She would be diagnosed with which subtype? - **Psychotic Rachel has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Because she has major speech disturbances but is otherwise almost "frozen" in place, she meets the criteria for the subtype of... - **Catatonic features The subtype of major depressive disorder with _______ features refers to an odd assortment of symptoms such as hypersomnia, weight gain, and a long standing pattern of sensitivity to interpersonal rejection. - **Atypical

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Clint has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Because his depression has typically occurred during the winter months and it improves during the other seasons, the best subtype for Clint is.... - **with seasonal pattern Because Mary Jo experienced major depressive disorder about three weeks after her daughter, Lisa, was born, the subtype that best describes her situation is... - **with peripartum onset Ari's psychotherapist has diagnosed Ari with major depressive disorder with ________ features because Ari is experiencing hallucinations and delusions along with his depressive symptoms. - **Psychotic What person is statistically least likely to be depressed? - **Paula, a retied postman, aged 70 Quentin has been severely depressed for the last two weeks. However, he now feels mildly ecstatic. He is more energetic than nor...