Prejudice & Discrimination PDF

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Social Psychology

Semester 1

Prejudice    

It can either be a positive or negative attitude towards a social group. People dehumanise others in favour of prejudice. People perform genocides, the ultimate form of prejudice. Prejudice includes 3 components: 1. Cognitive: Beliefs about a social group. 2. Affective: Strong feelings about a social group. 3. Conative: Intentions to behave in a certain way towards a social group.

Discrimination   

It can either be positive or negative action towards a social group. Unlike prejudice, discrimination only involves the conative component. Discrimination implies overt behaviour directed at a social group.

Reverse Discrimination   

Favouring those who are discriminated against. Sometimes favouring others more than their own kind. It is only beneficial in the short term as it does not reduce negative discrimination.

Stereotypes     

The belief that members of the same group share the same characteristics. These beliefs are mental shortcuts and are general to ease cognition. Stereotype Threat: The worrying of confirming stereotypical beliefs through behaviour. Stereotype Bias: Judging others based on the characteristics of their group. Illusory Correlation: Judging others based on associations we make between people.

Tokenism    

Making positive effort to be more inclusive of minority groups. This is usually done to appear more inclusive in society. Normally done to fill in quotas (gender quotas). This is self-defeating; it prevents the desired result.

Stigma     

Characteristics of a group that induce negative discrimination against them. Visible Stigma: Stigma about variables that cannot be hidden (race, sex, gender). Concealable Stigma: Stigma about variables that can be hidden (homosexuality). Controllable Stigma: Stigma about variables thought to be controlled by the person (obesity) Uncontrollable Stigma: Stigma about variable thought to be uncontrolled by the person (sex)

Social Psychology

Semester 1

Origins of Prejudice  

Social Categorisation Theory: Categorising people into social groups. Realistic Conflict Theory: Discriminating others due to scarce resources.

Resisting Prejudice    

Prejudice is learned; so it can be unlearned or relearned. Social groups can be recategorised through a common ingroup identity model. Groups can be decategorised; people seen as individuals rather than as group members. The Contact Hypothesis: Bringing different people from different background together under optimal conditions reduces prejudices and improves intergroup relations.

Maintenance of Identity and Culture 

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Acculturation: Blending of different cultures. 1. Assimilation: people adopt cultural norms of a host culture over original culture. 2. Integration: people adopt cultural norms of host culture maintain original culture. 3. Separation: people reject the host culture in favour of preserving original culture. 4. Marginalisation: people reject cultural norms of host culture and original culture. Identity: One adopts different identities according to how he or she acculturates. 1. Integrative  Integration acculturation. 2. Exclusive. 3. Hierarchical. 4. Individualistic  Marginalisation acculturation. Social Capital: The relationships one has with others. 1. Bonding  Separation acculturation. 2. Bridging  Assimilation acculturation. 3. Bonding + Bridging  Integrative acculturation. 4. None  Marginalisation....