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BIOL 2013 ______________________________ Exam 2

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1. The correct sequence of events in an animal virus lytic infection cycle is a. Attachment, uncoating, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release. b. Attachment, uncoating, maturation, biosynthesis and release. c. Uncoating, attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release. d. Attachment, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation and release. e. None of the above. 2. Viruses a. Vary in shape and contain nucleic acid. b. Are all icosahedral in shape and contain protein. c. Contain both DNA and RNA together, a capsid, and an envelope. d. All of the above. e. None of the above. 3. A viral envelope is acquired during which of the following steps? a. Penetration b. Attachment c. Uncoating d. Release e. None of the above 4. Viruses are not considered living because a. Even though they have cell membranes and ribosomes, they don’t produce proteins. b. Their cytoplasm does not contain ribosomes. c. They do not produce ATP or have ribosomes. d. They are obligate intracellular parasites. e. None of the above. 5. A disease caused by viroids is a. Potato spindle tuber disease. b. Fifth disease. c. Kuru. d. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. e. Scrapie.

6. Lysogenic conversion is a. When a lysogenized cell goes into the lytic cycle. b. When a lysogenized cell simply has a new characteristic. c. The cause of some types of cancer. d. A method to prevent viral infections in animals. e. None of the above. 7. If you were setting up an experiment on viruses, which of the following would be important to maintain the viruses used in the experiment? a. Host cells b. Light c. Soil d. Artificial nutrient medium e. A filter 8. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy a. Is the same thing as Fifth Disease. b. Is caused by a DNA virus. c. Is caused by an RNA virus d. Is caused by a viroid. e. Is none of the above. 9. Oncogenic viruses a. Only infect bacteria. b. Are the only viruses that can cause lysogeny. c. Cause some forms of cancer. d. All of the above. e. None of the above. 10. Which statement is true? a. If an enzyme is present under the proper conditions, lead can be converted to gold. b. All enzymes require either a coenzyme or a cofactor. c. All enzymes only catalyze spontaneous reactions. d. All of the above. e. None of the above. 11. Enzyme activity is influenced by a. Temperature, pH and enzyme concentration. b. Substrate concentration, enzyme concentration and pH. c. Substrate concentration, acidity & alkalinity and temperature. d. Radiation, drying, freezing, temperature and toxic chemicals. e. None of the above.

12. Which of the following are nutrients for bacteria? a. Glucose, proteins and certain inorganic ions. b. Amino acids, starch and water. c. Amino acids, ammonium ion, glucose. d. Some vitamins and proteins. e. Glucose, some vitamins and proteins. 13. Nitrogen fixation a. Someday might put a dent into the world hunger problem. b. Occurs in many plants. c. Refers to the conversion of organic nitrogen into nitrogen gas. d. All of the above. e. None of the above. 14. Superoxide dismutase a. Is found in all animals. b. Is found in all plants. c. Is found in some bacteria. d. All of the above. e. None of the above. 15. The optimal growth temperature of a bacterium is most closely related to the optimal temperature for a. Translation of DNA b. Protein replication c. Functioning of enzymes d. Endospore replication e. None of the above. 16. A microorganism that prefers a temperature around 20C, but can cause serious food spoilage at refrigeration temperatures is referred to as a a. Psychrophile. b. Psychrotroph. c. Mesophile. d. Thermophile. e. Hyperthermophile. 17. A microbiology student noticed that a culture broth tube was very turbid at the surface but clear throughout the rest of the tube. What can this student correctly conclude? a. The organisms are aerobes b. The organisms cannot tolerate oxygen c. The broth is sterile d. The organisms should be put in a candle jar. e. The organisms cannot produce superoxide dismutase and/or catalase.

18. The quickest and most convenient method to measure bacterial growth is a. Direct microscopic count. b. Dilution and plating. c. Turbidity measurement. d. Mass spectroscopy. e. Electron microscopy. 19. One possible drawback to using the direct microscopic count is a. You are counting dead and living cells. b. Cells hiding behind other cells will not be counted. c. Only aerobic cells will be counted. d. Only anaerobic cells will be counted. e. Cells don’t like being looked at directly. 20. The phase of growth where cells are adjusting to the growth conditions is the a. Lag phase. b. Log phase. c. Stationary phase. d. Death phase. e. Liquid phase. 21. Metabolism is made up of how many chemical reactions? a. 100 – 200 b. 1,000 – 2,000 c. 10,000 – 20,000 d. 100,000 – 200,000 e. 1,000,000 – 2,000,000 22. Oxidation in biological systems typically a. Removes electrons only. b. Adds electrons only. c. Removes hydrogen atoms. d. Adds hydrogen atoms. e. Removes and adds protons only. 23. Which describes a microorganism that can “eat” sulfur? a. Photoautotroph b. Photoheterotroph c. Chemoautotroph d. Chemoheterotroph e. None of the above

24. Bacteria that require organic carbon and photosynthesize are a. Photoautotrophs. b. Photoheterotrophs. c. Chemoautotrophs. d. Chemoheterotrophs. e. None of the above. 25. The majority of organisms on planet Earth are most likely a. Photoautotrophs. b. Photoheterotrophs. c. Chemoautotrophs. d. Chemoheterotrophs. e. Photochemotrophs. 26. Humans and E. coli are a. Photoautotrophs. b. Photoheterotrophs. c. Chemoautotrophs. d. Chemoheterotrophs. e. Photochemotrophs. 27. The type of ATP generation where the source of the phosphate is an organic molecule is referred to as a. Photophosphorylation. b. Oxidative phosphorylation. c. Fermentative phosphorylation. d. Respiratory phosphorylation. e. Substrate-level phosphorylation. 28. During respiration, the majority of reduced carbon atoms in glucose are oxidized to carbon dioxide in a. Glycolysis. b. The Kreb’s Cycle. c. The Electron Transport Chain. d. The Fermentation Pathways. e. Chemiosmosis. 29. An organism such as Streptococcus, that is missing an enzyme in the Kreb’s Cycle, typically carries out a. Fermentation. b. Aerobic respiration. c. Anaerobic respiration. d. Electron transport. e. None of the above.

30. What is the fate of pyruvic acid in an organism that uses aerobic respiration? a. It is reduced to lactic acid. b. It is oxidized in the Kreb's Cycle. c. It is oxidized in the electron transport chain. d. It is catabolized in glycolysis. e. It is reduced in the Kreb's Cycle. 31. Which is true about fermentation? a. It allows for recycling of NAD+ and produces pyruvate. b. It produces NADH and pyruvate. c. It produces NADH and gets rid of pyruvate. d. It allows for production of NAD+ and gets rid of pyruvate. e. None of the above. 32. Which produces the most ATP? a. Glycolysis b. Fermentation c. Aerobic respiration d. Anaerobic respiration e. Kreb’s Cycle 33. Phosphorylation a. Is the removal of phosphate from a molecule. b. Is the addition of phosphate to a molecule. c. Always requires direct light energy. d. Always requires NADH. e. None of the above. 34. Which statement is correct? a. The proton motive force is used only to make ATP. b. The proton motive force is also used to do work by the cell. c. The proton motive force is used by all known life forms. d. The proton motive force generates less ATP than glycolysis. e. None of the above. 35. Chemiosmosis a. Relies on an intact membrane. b. Only occurs in fermentation. c. Uses fermentation products for reversed glycolysis. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.

36. NADH a. Has the same amount of energy as reduced oxygen (H2O). b. Has less energy than reduced oxygen (H2O). c. Has more energy than reduced oxygen (H2O). d. Is not involved in biological oxidation-reduction reactions. e. None of the above. 37. A bacterium that can use O2, nitrate, or pyruvate as a final electron acceptor will probably perform which of the following under aerobic conditions? a. Fermentation b. Aerobic respiration c. Anaerobic respiration d. Reversed respiration e. None of the above. 38. The organic breakdown products of lipids eventually end up in a. Glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain. b. Glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle and chemiosmosis. c. Glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle and the proton motive force. d. Glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle, chemiosmosis and the proton motive force. e. Glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle. 39. Building blocks for biosynthesis come from a. The Core Pathways. b. The Electron Transport Chain. c. Chemiosmosis. d. Proton motive force. e. None of the above. 40. Which statement is correct? a. All fermentating bacteria are strict anaerobes by definition. b. All fermentating bacteria are strict aerobes by definition. c. Some fermenting bacteria can only produce one fermentation product. d. If a bacterium is fermenting, it always produces lactic acid as one of its fermentation products. e. None of the above.

Answer Key: 1. d 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. a 6. b 7. a 8. e 9. c 10. c 11. c 12. c 13. a 14. d 15. c 16. b 17. a 18. c 19. a 20. a 21. b 22. c 23. c 24. b 25. c 26. d 27. e 28. b 29. a 30. b 31. d 32. c 33. b 34. b 35. a 36. c 37. b 38. e 39. a 40. c...