Project report- Analog Electronics II PDF

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A project report about an automated water pump switch...

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AUTO WATER PUMP SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN

ANALOG ELECTRONICS II

Submitted by:

WAIL ABDALLA ABDALLA- 2K19/EC/214 TURSÉLIO PIRES MAHOQUE- 2K19/EC/196 Under the supervision of

MR. PANKAJ DAHIYA

DEPARTEMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering) Bawana Road, Delhi-110042

MAY, 2021

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering) Bawana Road, Delhi-110042

CANDIDATES’ DECLARATION We,

WAIL

ABDALLA

ABDALLA

&

TURSÉLIO

PIRES

MAHOQUE,

2K19/EC/214 & 2K19/EC/196, respectively, Second year students of B. Tech.

Analog

Electronics

II,

hereby

declare

that

the

project

Dissertation titled "AUTO WATER PUMP SYSTEM" which is submitted by us to the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology, is original and not copied from any source without proper citation. This work has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma Associateship, Fellowship or other similar title or recognition.

Place: Delhi

TURSÉLIO PIRES

MAHOQUE WAIL ABDALLA ABDALLA Date: May 27th, 2021

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering) Bawana Road, Delhi-110042

CERTIFICATE I hereby certify that the Project Dissertation titled "AUTO WATER PUMP SYSTEM" which is submitted by WAIL ABDALLA ABDALLA & TURSÉLIO PIRES

MAHOQUE,

2K19/EC/214

&

2K19/EC/196,

respectively,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology, is a record of the project work carried out by the students under my supervision. To the best of my knowledge this work has not been submitted in part or full for any Degree or Diploma to this University or elsewhere.

Place: Delhi Date: May 27th, 2021

MR. PANKAJ DAHIYA SUPERVISOR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deepest gratitude to the Almighty God, for keeping giving us His blessings, allowing us to have the opportunity to be students at DTU. Our deepest appreciation to our families and friends for their endless love, support and encouragement. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to our Analog Electronics II lecturer, Mr. Pankaj Dahiya, for always provide his guidance, and lecturing with great enthusiasm and patience, leaving no space to doubts, enabling us to do the project and the report in the best possible way.

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a low-cost automatic water pump system, without the use of complex components, such as Arduino. To achieve the desired objective, the electronics components used were an NPN transistor, a timer IC, a relay, a diode, resistors, DC water pumps and a DC voltage suppliers. The basic principle behind this is simply turning on or off a pump according to water level. The controller system works on a timer IC with a water-level sensing arrangement. So, whenever the incoming water is sensed and the tank has a low level of water, the relay circuit simply switches the pump on and when the water supply is off or the water-level is high, the relay switches off the motor.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Candidates’ declaration...................................................................................................i Certificate.........................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgement..........................................................................................................iii Abstract...........................................................................................................................iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..................................................................................1 1.1.

General................................................................................................................1

1.2.

Objectives...........................................................................................................1

1.3.

Methodology.......................................................................................................2

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW & PROJECT’S DESCRIPTION..............3 2.1.

Literature review.................................................................................................3

2.1.1.

BC547 Transistor.........................................................................................3

2.1.2.

1N4001........................................................................................................4

2.1.3.

555 timer IC.................................................................................................4

2.1.4.

Relay............................................................................................................5

2.1.5.

DC submersible mini water pump...............................................................6

2.2.

Project’s description............................................................................................6

2.2.1.

Components used.........................................................................................6

2.2.2.

Project’s working explanation.....................................................................7

CHAPTER 3: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION....................................................9 3.1.

Discussion...........................................................................................................9

3.1.1.

Advantages of the project............................................................................9

3.1.2.

Disadvantages of the project.......................................................................9

3.1.3.

Applications of the project..........................................................................9

3.2.

Conclusion........................................................................................................10

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................11

TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: BC547 transistor...............................................................................................3 Figure 2: 1N4001 diode ...................................................................................................4 Figure 3: 555 timer IC......................................................................................................4 Figure 4: (a) 555 timer IC internal circuitry (b) 555 pinout diagram...............................5 Figure 5: A Relay.............................................................................................................5 Figure 6: Relay’s working principle illustration...............................................................6 Figure 7: DC submersible mini water pump....................................................................6 Figure 8: Project’s circuit diagram...................................................................................8

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1.

GENERAL

In many Places time for water supply is not fixed. It may be in early morning hours or anytime in a whole day. These creates many problems for a concerned person you have to wake up early, just to switch on your motor pump and wait till your water tank is filled up. It was by thinking in the above-mentioned problem that the present project was chosen, an automatic water pump system whose implementation is relatively not costly, but efficient. This project falls in the categories of case study and solutions to real time social and economic problems.

1.2.

OBJECTIVES

The project had as its objectives the following aspects: 

To implement a low-cost automatic water supply system;



To delimitate the advantages, disadvantages and applications for the project;



To present possible solutions, if any, to solve or mitigate the impact of the disadvantages.

2 1.3.

METHODOLOGY

Following is the methodology implemented for the realization of the project: 

Exploratory research;



Qualitative research;



Quantitative research;



Bibliographic research;

3

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW & PROJECT’S DESCRIPTION

2.1.

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1.1. BC547 Transistor The transistor is a three-layer semiconductor device consisting of either two n-type and one p-type layers of material or two p-type and one n-type layers of material (Boylestad & Nashelsky, 2015). The first type is called NPN transistor, and the second type is called PNP transistor. Tbe BC547 is a BJT NPN general purpose epitaxial silicon transistor, and it comes in a TO-92 packaging (Components Info, 2018). It is used for switching applications, since a low saturation voltage (90mV), and also for amplifier applications, due to its good DC current gain and low capabilities.

Figure 1: BC547 transistor (Adapted from BC547 Transistor Pinout, Equivalent, Uses, Features & Applications, by Components Info, July 6 2018. , Retrieved from https://www.componentsinfo.com/bc547-pinout-equivalent/ Copyright 2021 by Components Info)

4

2.1.2. 1N4001 A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way switch for current. It allows current to flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts current from flowing in the opposite direction (Fluke, 2021). When the diode allows the flow of current, it is said to be forward-biased, whereas when it does not allow the flow of current is said to be reverse-biased. In the latter case, the diode behaves as an insulator. The 1N4001 is a general-purpose rectifier diode whose greatest features are its low forward voltage drop and its high surge current capability (Fairchild, 2014)

Figure 2: 1N4001 diode (Reprinted from 1N4001 Diode, by Components 101, October 2, 2017, Retrieved from https://components101.com/diodes/1n4001-diode-pinout-datasheet Copyright 2020 by Components 101)

2.1.3. 555 timer IC The 555 timer IC is one of the most, if not the most, used ICs in the world. It is a precision timing circuit capable of producing accurate time delays or oscillations (Texas Instruments, 2014).

Figure 3: 555 timer IC (Reprinted from 1C 555 Timer Working: Pin Diagram & Specifications, by electronicsforu.com, November 2, 2018, Retrieved from https://www.electronicsforu.com/electronicsprojects/555-timer-working-specifications Copyright 2021 by EFY Group)

5 The designation for this IC, 555, comes from the fact the three (3) 5kΩ resistors that are used in its voltage divider network. Following is the internal circuitry and the pinout diagram for the 555 timer IC.

Figure 4: (a) 555 timer IC internal circuitry (b) 555 pinout diagram. (Adapted from 1C 555 Timer Working: Pin Diagram & Specifications, by electronicsforu.com, November 2, 2018, Retrieved from https://www.electronicsforu.com/electronics-projects/555-timer-working-specifications Copyright 2021 by EFY Group)

2.1.4. Relay The relay is the device that open or closes the contacts to cause the operation of the other electric control. It detects the intolerable or undesirable condition with an assigned area and gives the commands to the circuit breaker to disconnect the affected area. Thus protects the system from damage (Circuit Globe, 2017). Another definition states that a relay is an electromechanical device that can be used to make or break an electrical connection (V. Thonti, 2017).

6

Figure 5: A Relay (Reprinted from “Basic Working Principle of Relay- Construction and Types” by V. Thonti, Circuit Digest, October 11, 2017, Retrieved from https://circuitdigest.com/article/relay-workingtypes-operation-applications Copyright 2020 by Circuit Digest)

The relay works on the principle of an electromagnetic attraction. When the circuit of the relay senses the fault current, it energises the electromagnetic field which produces the temporary magnetic field. This magnetic field moves the relay armature for opening or closing the connections.

Figure 6: Relay’s working principle illustration. (Adapted from “Basic Working Principle of RelayConstruction and Types” by V. Thonti, Circuit Digest, October 11, 2017, Retrieved from https://circuitdigest.com/article/relay-working-types-operation-applications Copyright 2020 by Circuit Digest)

2.1.5. DC submersible mini water pump This DC 3-6 V Mini Micro Submersible Water Pump is a low cost, small size submersible pump motor which can be operated from a 2.5 ~ 6V power supply. It can take up to 120 litres per hour with a very low current consumption of 220mA. This component is composed of a miniature centrifugal pump, and of a DC motor.

7

Figure 7: DC submersible mini water pump. (Adapted from Buy 3 -6V Mini Submersible Water Pump Online at the Best Price, by Robu.in, n.d. Retrieved from https://robu.in/product/dc-3-6-v-mini-microsubmersible-water-pump/#:~:text=Discussion%20Forum-,Description,a%202.5%20~%206V%20power %20supply.&text=Just%20connect%20tube%20pipe%20to,always%20higher%20than%20the%20motor. Copyright n.d. by Robu.in)

2.2.

PROJECT’S DESCRIPTION

2.2.1. Components used The implementation of the project was done using the following electronic components: 

BC547 transistor;



1N4001 diode;



12V relay;



555 timer IC



Resistors (1MΩ and 100Ω);



DC submersible water pump;



Wires;



9V batteries.



9V battery connectors.

Following was the cost of acquisition of the materials:

Table 1: Cost of the components

ITEM BC547 transistor 1N4001 12V Relay 1MΩ resistor 100Ω resistor 555 timer IC DC submersible water pump Wood Board

QUANTIT

PRICE

PRICE

Y 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1

(PER UNIT) ₹10 ₹2 ₹19 ₹3 ₹2 ₹19 ₹44 ₹200

(TOTAL) ₹10 ₹2 ₹19 ₹6 ₹2 ₹19 ₹88 ₹200

8 Glue Gun Wires 9V batteries 9V batteries connectors TOTAL

1 2 metres 2 2

₹190 ₹10 ₹15 ₹3.5

₹190 ₹20 ₹30 ₹7 ₹593

2.2.2. Project’s working explanation The project mainly consists of 555IC Timer, a 12v relay, 230Va.c motor and wires which acts as sensors. The wires are placed at the different levels of the tank. All mentioned components take an active role in switching ON and OFF of the motor. When 9V input is given from the battery, the project starts working, the transistor will active through the relay and the power will be supplied to the IC 555 timer. The output pin of the IC 555 timer is connected to the relay and diode. Then the relay is maintained at a required level and the motor will start by switching on. When the motor is on, the pump will start filling the container automatically until the water levels with the HIGH sensor then the pump will stop automatically. Following is the circuit diagram for the project:

9

Figure 8: Project’s circuit diagram

10

CHAPTER 3

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

3.1.

DISCUSSION

3.1.1. Advantages of the project Following are the advantages of the projects: 

It is of easy implementation and operation;



It requires a low budget for its implementation;



It is energy and economically efficient, since the system only operates when necessary.

3.1.2. Disadvantages of the project Following are the disadvantages posed by the project: 

The system cannot be operated remotely;



The user does not have much control over the system.

3.1.3. Applications of the project Following are the possible applications of the possible: 

It can be used in work offices;

11 

It can be used in houses;



It can be used in places like schools, hospitals, public washrooms and several other places thar require access to water supply.

3.2.

CONCLUSION

From the present report it can be said that the project reached the objectives initially proposed, and that even though the project presents some disadvantages, its advantages have a greater impact on its implementation, working and an application. In order to solve the disadvantages of the system, the non-remote operation and the user’s lack of control over the system, the system can be turned into an IoT system, with the help of, for example, an Uno Wi-Fi R3 AtMega328p+NodeMCU ESP8266 board, and connect to the Wi-fi, in order to operate with the assist of an app, such as Blynk.

12

REFERENCES

[1].R. L. Boylestad and L. Nashelsky. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory. (11th edition). Columbus, Ohio: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2016, pp 124-144 [2]. Components Info: BC547 Transistor Pinout, Equivalent, Uses, Features & Applications

(October

6,

2018).

Retrieved

April

15,

2021

from:

https://www.componentsinfo.com/bc547-pinout-equivalent/ [3].Fluke: What is a diode? (April 20, 2021). Retrieved April 22, 2021 from: https://www.componentsinfo.com/bc547-pinout-equivalent/ [4].Fairchild: 1N4001 – 1N4007: General-Purpose Rectifiers (November, 2014). Retrieved

April

22,

2021

from:

https://datasheetspdf.com/pdf-

file/578648/FairchildSemiconductor/1N4001/1 [5].Texas Instruments: xx555 Precision Timers (September, 2014). Retrieved April 22, 2021 from: https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/ne555.pdf [6].Circuit Globe: Relay (January 20, 2017). Retrieved April 23, 2021 from: https://circuitglobe.com/relay.html [7].Thonti, V. (2017, October 11). Basic Working Principle of Relay- Construction and Types. Circuit Digest. https://circuitdigest.com/article/relay-working-typesoperation-applications...