PSY 417 Notes Part I - For Dr. Lori Barker PDF

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For Dr. Lori Barker...

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PSY 417: Basic Counseling Skills: Part I Thursday, 1/4/2018 Introduction to Helping What is helping? Definitions of Helping:  Providing assistance  One person assisting another in exploring feelings, gaining insight, and making changes in his or her life  Assisting others to understand and cope with problems, either personal or situational  Enabling clients to grow in directions that they choose Goals of Helping  Effective functioning  Self-sufficiency  Life skills (i.e. Resilience, responsibilities, personal hygiene, emotional intelligence, etc.) 

Helping is a collaborative process

Positive Aspects of Helping  Provides support and relief  Helps with personal decision-making  Provides honest feedback  Improves relationships  Teaches life skills  Addresses existential concerns (i.e. “What am I doing with my life?”, Deep questions about self)  Teaches self-sufficiency Negative Aspects of Helping  Allows clients to stay stuck  Created dependence  Helpers impose own values and needs on clients. o Helpers are facilitators only. They are to help, not make decisions for person Helping and Culture  Helping means different things to different people  Definition of help is influenced by demographic differences (i.e. culture, gender, age)

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PSY 417: Basic Counseling Skills: Part I Helping as a Science and Art  Science: Involves research and theory on human behavior and helping  Art: Intuitive and feeling elements of interpersonal relationships 

An effective helper successfully integrates the two

Who’s involved in Helping?  Helper (The therapist)  Client (no longer called a “patient”) o Types of Helpers  Mental Health Professionals  Psychologists, Counseling Psychologists, Social Workers, Marriage and Family Therapists, School Counselors  Other Professional Helpers  Medical Doctors, physicians, physical therapists, occupational therapists, nurses, teachers, pastors, rabbi  General Human Service Workers  Hold associates or Bachelor’s Degrees  Human resource specialists, probation officers, law enforcement, drug counselors, child counselors  Informal Helpers  Friends, family members, volunteers

Tuesday 1/9/2018 The Helping Process The Three Stage Model of Helping 1. Exploration Stage  Build Rapport (strong working relationship with the client)  Encourage clients to tell their story  Influenced by Carl Rogers: Person-Centered Therapy (Reflect  Skills Used: o Attending: Nonverbal behaviors that we use to communicate to clients that we are listening) o Listening: Listening to the helper o Encouraging: Encourage clients to keep talking to the helper.

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PSY 417: Basic Counseling Skills: Part I

2. Insight Stage  Main Idea: Help clients come to a new understanding of themselves and their problems  Help them understand their own dynamics, what motivates them, how they impact others  Help them take responsibility for their issues and problems  Trying to help them answer the question “Why”: o Why do they think, feel or behave a certain way  Skills Used: o Challenge: o Make Interpretations: Give them a possible meaning for something that they did  Psychodynamic Approaches: Freud is known for interpretation of dreams. What do the dreams mean? o Use Self-Disclosure: The helper discloses things about themselves to the client that may help the client o Immediacy: Comment about something about going on in the session instantly (ie: if the client cries, the helper will ask: “I noticed that you were crying, what are you thinking about”  Psychodynamic Approaches: Freud is known for interpretation of dreams. What do the dreams mean? 3. Action Stage  Help clients make changes and decisions based on their new insight that they have on themselves and their problems  When the client tries something new, the helper will provide feedback.  Behavioral approach and Cognitive Behavioral Approach have the most influence in this therapy  Skills Used o Ask Questions o Give Information o Provide Feedback o Give Instruction o Give Directives o Guidance 

Each stage involves thee o Helper Goals o Helper Skills o Theoretical Foundation

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PSY 417: Basic Counseling Skills: Part I

The Helping Process  Helper Background Variables o Age, Gender, Life experience  Client Background Variables o Age, Gender, Life Experience  Context Variables o Creating a relationship with the client and the therapist o Reason the person is coming for help: stress, anxiety, relationship help o Location: School, Community clinic, private practice  Moment-by-Moment Interaction Sequence o Looks at how the helper decides what is going on moment-by-moment with the client  Helpers External World o Things that are happening in the helper’s life  Clients External World o Things that are happening in the client’s life  Clients Perceived Outcome o Client has topic they want to talk about, and have that issue solved

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PSY 417: Basic Counseling Skills: Part I

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PSY 417: Basic Counseling Skills: Part I Helper Intentions (Web Form D)  Set locations  Get information  Give information  Support  Focus  Clarify  Instill Hope  Encourage Catharsis  Identify maladaptive cognitions  Identify maladaptive behaviors  Encourage Self control Client Reactions  Resistance  Agreement  Request  Recounting  Cognitive-Behavioral Exploration  Affective Exploration  Insight  Therapeutic changes

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PSY 417: Basic Counseling Skills: Part I The Stages of Change (Prochaska, Norcross, and DiClemente, 1994, 2005)

1. Pre-contemplation Stage  Person is aware of the need to change, but have no desire to change.  May engage in denial and blame 2. Contemplation Stage  Person is aware of problem and accept responsibility 3. Preparation Stage  Begin to make preparations to address the problem 4. Action Stage  Actively start to modify behavior and make changes 5. Maintenance Stage  Changes have been made, and the person is trying to make it a habit to continue the new behavior 6. Termination  When the person is no longer tempted by the old behaviors If someone is a victim of domestic violence, they leave the perpetrator 6 to 7 times before they leave for good. They keep coming back about 6-7 times until they realize that they need to get rid of them.

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PSY 417: Basic Counseling Skills: Part I

Thursday 1/11/2018 Ethical Issues in Helping What are Ethics?  Ethics: Principles or standards of proper conduct  Ethics Codes: Ideal standards of conduct set by a profession (Nurses, Social workers, etc.)  Laws: Legally binding prescriptions to do, or not to do, certain things  Note that Laws and Ethics are NOT the same things. o Laws are the “floor” (minimal standard), and ethics are the “ceiling” (ideal standard or aspirational goals) Purpose of Ethics Codes  Protect Clients  Protect Professionals o From vengeful clients, frivolous lawsuits  Define the boundaries and responsibilities of the profession o Ex: A Psychologist cannot give legal advice, it would be unethical  Enhance the status of the profession General Ethical Principles  Autonomy: The right of the client to make his or her own decisions  Beneficince: Putting the client’s well-being as the top priority  Nonmaleficience: Doing no harm  Justice/Fairness: Treating people equally. People have the right to have equal access to resources and opportunities  Fidelity: Honoring commitments; keeping promises o Ex: Promising not to breach confidentiality; promising to be at a session at 10:00am every Thursday, etc.  Veracity: Truthfulness, Honesty o Telling the truth to the best of one’s ability

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PSY 417: Basic Counseling Skills: Part I Important Ethical Principles for Beginning Helpers  Competence o Knowledgeable; not doing something unless the helper is competent to do so. o Competence may also be impacted with the helper’s mental health  If the helper is having personal issues, they may need to take a break from work  Informed Consent o A form that gives the client enough information about the helper so that the client can make a decision on whether they want to see the helper or not o Covers policies, outcomes, legal and ethics  Confidentiality o Written permission by a client is required before a helper can disclose any information to another helper (medical doctor, family member, etc.) o This does not apply to mandated reporting, being a threat to themselves, when treatment becomes part of a legal proceeding, elder abuse, domestic abuse, child abuse, or bring a threat to society. In these instances, confidentially may be breached without consent from the client.  Multiple Relationships o When the helper takes on more than one role with the client o It is NOT okay to be friends with your current client, sleep with your current client, do other business with your current client  Values o It is not okay for helpers to impose their own values on their clients

Thursday 1/18/18 Ethical Decision-Making Making good ethical decisions involves  Knowing the ethics codes  Knowing the laws  Knowing yourself  Best interests of the client A Model for Ethical Decision Making 1. Identify the problem or dilemma 2. Identify the potential issues involved 3. Apply the ethics code 4. Know the applicable laws

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PSY 417: Basic Counseling Skills: Part I 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Consult Consider possible courses of action Evaluate possible courses of action Decide on best action and do it Document

Self-Awareness Helper Motivations Healthy Motives  Altruism o wanting to make a positive decision in people’s lives  Special Talent  Role Models  Personal Values  Personal Experience o someone else helping you, and deciding you want to be a helper too  Rewarding o it boosts self-esteem to make difference in a person’s life, etc.  Social Change o wanting to leave the world a better place than how you found it Unhealthy Motives  Missionary Syndrome o Having the idea that you are the savior of the less-fortunate  Guru Syndrome o Having the need to have all of the right answers; wanting to be seen as the wise and all knowing  To make friends o Using clients to meet social needs  To feel superior o Thinking “at least I’m not as bad as my clients”  To get therapy o Some people go into the helping profession to help themselves get better  The need to be needed o It feels “good” when people need us.  Need to control others o Being a “control-freak”  Need for prestige, status or money

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PSY 417: Basic Counseling Skills: Part I

Characteristics of Effective Helpers Carl Rogers  Genuineness o Being real, being yourself, being who you are as the therapist o Congruence  Empathy o Understanding how the other person feels; seeing it through the other persons perspective  Unconditional Positive Regard o Complete acceptance without judgement  Warmth o Good effective helpers are warm o Make client feel cared for, welcome, safe, comfortable, etc. Helping Skills  Communication Skills o Have good expressive skills and good listening (receptive) skills  Interpersonal Skills o Ability to establish and maintain healthy relationships with people  Multicultural Competence  Technical Skill o Active listening, open-ended questions, etc.

Multicultural Competence What is Culture?  Culture: The values, practices, and beliefs of a group of people, shared through symbols, and passed down from generation to generation  Narrow vs. Broad Definition o Narrow: Race, Ethnicity, country of origin o Broad: Age, gender, religion, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, physical ability Key Concepts  Race o Biological Construct o Sociocultural Construct

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PSY 417: Basic Counseling Skills: Part I Ethnicity Country of Origin o What country you were born in ______________________________________________________________________________ Tuesday 1/23/2018  

Racial/Ethnic Identity  How connected one is to his/her racial/ethnic heritage  A sense of collective identification based on membership in a particular group  The Racial and Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID, Sue & Sue, 1990) 1. Conformity a. behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards 2. Dissonance a. an uncomfortable sense of discord, disharmony, confusion, or conflict experienced by people in the midst of change in their cultural environment. 3. Resistance and Immersion a. Person immerses themselves in their own culture. Idealizing their own group, and devalue the dominant group 4. Introspection a. Person becomes more contemplative and more critical. Starting to evaluate their own group and the dominant group. Trying to find a “balance” between groups. 5. Integrative Awareness a. Person comes out with a positive identity. They can see strengths and weaknesses of own group, and strengths and weaknesses of the dominant group. The person may now collaborate and interact with new group, and other groups. Acculturation  The process of adapting to a new culture  Berry (1990, 1997; Brislin, 2000; Leong, 2001) o Assimilationist  Giving up old culture and adopting a new culture o Separationist  Hanging on to old culture, and rejecting the new one o Marginalist  Not identifying with either the old or new culture. Feel disconnection from both cultures. o Integrationist  Combining both cultures. The person has blended them together.

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PSY 417: Basic Counseling Skills: Part I

Worldview  A psychological perception of the environment that determines how we think, behave, and feel  A lens with how we interpret the world  Some Dimensions of worldview o Human Activity  Being, Being and Becoming, Doing o Concept of time  Linear: Born, live your life, die  Concreate: Time divided into minutes, seconds, hours, days, weeks, years  Elastic: Time expands and contracts  Circular: Example: Reincarnation (die and come back alive, etc.) o Concept of Self  Individualism versus Collectivism  Individualism: Separate, Independent, Autonomous o My needs are my top priority  Collectivism: Emphasizes the needs of the group are the highest priority More Key Terms  Stereotype o A set of beliefs and expectations about someone simply because they belong to a particular group  Prejudice o Judgments about someone simply because they belong to a particular group  Discrimination o Negative behaviors towards members of a group  Racism o Discrimination backed by institutional power

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PSY 417: Basic Counseling Skills: Part I

Multicultural Competence  Effectiveness working with others who are different from you  The Multicultural Competencies (Arredondo et al., 1996; Sue et al., 1998)

Awareness of Own Culture

Understanding Clients Worldview

Developing Culturally Appropriate Strategies and Techniques

Attitude and Beliefs Knowledge and Beliefs Skills

Review of Helping Theories What are Helping Theories?  To start, think about some of your personal assumptions. Ask yourself these questions: 1. What are human beings? Are they good or bad? Are they controlled or controlling? Do they have free will? 2. How do human beings behave? How do they learn? Is it nature or nurture? What causes behaviors? 3. What are the deviant behaviors? What causes those behaviors? 4. What’s the best way to solve a problem?

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PSY 417: Basic Counseling Skills: Part I

The Major Helping Theories  Psychodynamic  Phenomenological o Humanistic o Existential  Behavioral  Cognitive Behavioral  Family Systems Psychodynamic Approaches (Freud)  Based on Freud’s Psychoanalysis o Also Jung, Adler  Basic Assumption: Abnormal behavior caused by unconscious conflicts  Curative Factor: Making unconscious conflicts conscious  Major Theoretical Concepts o Structures of the mind- Id, Ego, Superego  Id: Unconscious level; Present at birth. Desire, Pleasure, immediate gratification  Ego: Mostly conscious; Functions on Reality principle  Superego: Mostly Unconscious; Functions on the Morality Principle; right vs wrong; Perfection o Psychosexual Stages- Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital  Oral:  Focused on oral activity (i.e.: baby putting objects in mouth.)  Weaning is the task that must be successfully completed.  If they do not successfully complete this task, they will be fixated on it, thus causing a mental disorder.  Person will develop Fixations such as drinking, eating, smoking  Anal:  The center of “pleasure of kids”  Task to be completed is Potty Training  If they do not successfully complete this task, it will be an Anal Fixation

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PSY 417: Basic Counseling Skills: Part I 

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Person will develop issues such as: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, controlling, hoarding, anxiety, cleanliness (neat-freak), perfectionism

Phallic:  Childhood Sexuality  Oedipus Complex: Boys want their mother  Electra Complex: Girls want their fathers  Task to be completed: Resolve conflict by being like their father or mother; acting like them. Not wanting to “kill mother or father” Latency:  Because the libido goes dormant, children focus on social development and other activities Genital:  Development of healthy adult sexuality  Heterosexual sexual activity  Love and being committed to that person

o Defense Mechanisms- Repression, Regression, Projection  Repression: Complete Forgetting  Simplest of the defense mechanisms  Regression: Going back to an earlier stage of development  Example: an adult throwing a tantrum like a 2-year old would  Projection: Taking your own unacceptable stuff and attribute it to someone else  Instead of saying “oh It’s my problem” the person accuses the other person for their problems  Not owning up to your responsibilities, actions, etc., and blaming it on others  Defense mechanisms are strategies by the Ego to protect us o Major Therapeutic Techniques  Free Association: Tricking the Ego into relaxing or becoming distracted  Interpretation:  Dreams: o When a person sleeps, the Ego partially sleeps, thus causing dreams. o These are symbolic dreams according to Freud o Freud would interpret these dreams  Transference: o Reactions that the client was having to the analyst o Example: The client may feel that that the therapist will abandon the client like the client’s dad did

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PSY 417: Basic Counseling Skills: Part I

Thursday 1/25/2018 Psychodynamic: Implications for Helpers  Helpers must undergo many years of careful training and not applicable for counselors and helpers in other than traditional clinical setting  Helpers need to recognize that there are motivating forces within people that are not wholly conscious Phenomenological: Humanistic Approaches  Based on Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Therapy  Basic Assumption: If the therapist provides the right environment, clients will naturally grow and change.  Curative Factor: The Therapeutic Relationship  Three major Theoretical Concepts o Three necessary Conditions for growth  Empathy: Pretending to be in the persons shoes and understanding  Genuineness: Being real, open, honest  Unconditional Positive Regard: Complete acceptance without judgement  Primary Technique o Reflection: Paraphrase or summarize what the client just said Phenomenological: Existential Approaches  Theorists include Rollo May, Victor Frankl  Existentialists deal with the dilemmas of life (ex: death, anxiety, guilt)  Overlap with Humanistic; Integrates existential philosophy  Basic Assumption: We choose what we want to be  Curative Factor: Taking responsibility for your choices  Major Theoretical Concepts o Four Ultimate Concerns  Every human will experience all of these during their life  Death  Freedom  Isolation  Meaninglessness  Major Techniques o Mostly borrowed from other schools with a few unique ones Phenomenological: Implications for Helpers  C...