Psych 238 exam 2 review 3 PDF

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PSYCH 238 Exam 2 review...

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Differences between Freudians and Neo-Freudians Eysenck's 3 factors Psychoticism Extraversion Neuroticism Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Measures personality!types!based on 3 factors Eysenck's hierarchy of behavior organization (low to high) Specific acts/cognitions Habitual acts/cognitions Traits Types or superfactors Good and bad of trait and factor theories (5) Very good at generating research Highly parsimonious Highly organized Moderately falsifiable Moderate-low internal consistency Extraversion is due to low cortical arousability. Therefore, ___ are more sensitive to stimuli Introverts Eysenck claimed that learning studies have conflicting conclusions because they don't take __ __ into account Personality factors Eysenck hypothesized that psychoticism is related to __ and __ Genius and creativity People scoring low in __ have a higher risk of cancer Neuroticism Eysenck found that personality is highly related to __ and __ Disease and mortality Eysenck, Mcrae, and Costa favor (nature/nurture) and (conscious/unconscious) Nature, conscious Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory 3 (MCMI - 3) Useful with clinical populations and for detecting personality disorders.! Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI - 2) Very hard to fake because it uses empirical keying. Used exclusively in clinical populations to detect severe mental problems. Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)

Useful for clinical AND subclinical. Newer test with T/F format. Rorschach test Scored with the Exner system. Based on psychanalytic theory. Goal is to raise awareness of unconscious. 10 standard cards. Thematic Apperception Test 10-15 cards. Scored by looking for recurring themes/symbols. 4 things to describe during the TAT What's happening, what's leading up to it, what characters are feeling, outcome of the story Psychoanalytic Theory-Practice relationships Assumptive world: Psychological science, psychiatry School: Psychoanalytic Theory: Psychoanalysis Theorist: Freud Working H: Pathology due to imbalance in unconscious drives Strategies: Raise awareness, gain insight Techniques: Interpretation, dream analysis Psychoanalysis vs Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis: id, intrapsychic, defenses, biological Psychodynamic: ego, interpersonal, mastery/adaptation, social relationships Erogenous zones Areas on the body more susceptible to pleasure Freud's stages of development Oral phase: 1 yr Anal phase: 2 yrs Phallic phase: 3-4 Latency period: 5-puberty Genital period: Puberty+ Oedipus Complex Freud's belief that before a phallic phase a boy forms an identification of his father and sexual desire for his mother Levels of Mental life Conscious, unconscious, pre-conscious Pre-conscious Not in conscious awareness, but almost. Like smelling your ex's cologne. Two sources of unconscious processes Repression and phylogenetic endowment Phylogenetic Endowment

Unconscious processes passed down from our ancestors Provinces of the Mind Id, ego, superego Id Pleasure principle, primal, fundamental, amoral Ego Reality principle, Secondary process, balanced Superego Values of parents and society, Idealistic principle (balance) Conscience vs Ego-ideal Conscious tells us what!not!to do Ego-ideal tells us what!to!do Libido All pleasure is related to sex in some way. Mild sadism is common. Thanatos Aggressive/destructive drive. Sarcasm, teasing, etc Freud's causes of psychopathology Imbalance between id, ego, superego. Conflicts at any developmental stage. Certain events can unleash conscious impulses Primary process thinking Responses from the unconscious that are unhealthy Neurotic anxiety Apprehension about an unknown danger, ex; fear of failure Moral anxiety Apprehension about potentially not doing the right thing, conflict between id and superego (guilt) Defense mechanisms (6) *Repression Reaction formation Displacement Projection Introjection Sublimation Reaction formation Converting of unconscious wishes or impulses perceived to be dangerous into their opposites. Ex; hating your boss but being overly nice Displacement

Mind redirects emotion from a "dangerous" to a "safe" object. Ex; taking your anger at your boss out on your wife Projection Putting your own feelings onto others. Ex; thinking everyone is hostile, but it's actually you Introjection Unconsciously incorporating positive qualities of another Sublimation Channeling unwanted feelings into something culturally or socially positive Goals of Psychoanalytic Therapy (3) Make the unconscious conscious Strengthen the Ego Change personality structure 4 techniques of psychoanalytic theory Confrontation & clarification Working through (client slowly gains insight) Interpretation Dream analysis Resistance When a client blocks their own progress for fear of change Psychoanalysis: Therapist's role Making interpretations Freud: Meaning in life To love and to work. Love is the most civilized form of sexuality. Freud's contributions (4) Developed first psychotherapy First theory of behavior/personality Importance of the past/interpretations Raising awareness of the unconscious Freud's concept of humanity (4) Unconscious Nature Deterministic/pessimistic Balance of subjective/objective Central idea of psychodynamic theory Healing a maladaptive function that developed early in life Psychodynamic Assumptive world: Psychological science School: Psychodynamic Theory: Individual psychology Theorist: Alfred Adler Working H: Social interest is benchmark for psychological health Strategy: Focusing on how clients relate to others Techniques: Magic Wand Question

Biography of Adler Was sickly as a child. Saw middle and low class clients, which was rare. Adler's ultimate standard for psychological health Unity with others Adler: Driving force behind behavior Striving for superiority or success Adler: Inferirority We all have feelings of inferiority as babies, by age 5 we develop free will and creative power Adler: Striving for superiority Selfish, personal pleasure. Related to Narcissistic PD Adler: Striving for success Healthy, sense of success comes from bettering society Adler's social interest Force that binds society together. Measure of psychological health and maturity. Origin of social interest Found in everyone, fostered by social environment Adler's organ dialect Expression through organs and the body Birth order: first born Power, high anxiety, overprotective. Choose safe, conservative careers. Birth order: Second born Influenced by oldest, moderately competitive! Birth order: Youngest Inferiority, high motivation, more creative power. Choose risky careers. Birth order: only child Exaggerated superiority, spoiled Adler's origins of psychopathology (2) Underdeveloped social interests (setting goals too high, rigid life) External maladjustment (pampered or neglected) Adler: Safeguarding tendencies (5)

Excuses, Aggression, Depreciation (undervalue others), Accusation (blaming others), Withdrawal Adler's use of dreams Use them to solve future problems Adler's concept of humanity Free will Optimism Social factors Uniqueness Adler's influence Marriage/family therapy Holistic (mind and body) Incorporation of social context Object Relations Theory: H&F Model Assumptive World: Psychological science School: Psychodynamic Theory: Object relations Theorists: Klein, Mahler, Kohut Working H: Social blueprints influence perception and behavior Strategy: Focusing on maladaptive relationship patterns Technique: Consciousness raising, determining behaviors for breaking maladaptive patterns 3 ways Object Relations differs from Freud Emphasizes interpersonal relationships Stresses maternal intimacy Relatedness as prime motive of behavior Object That which will satisfy a need; person or thing that is a target of one's feelings or drives Self-representation Internalized ideas about how others see you Object representation Your internalized ideas about how other people are Object relations: Why do we date people similar to our parents? Early relationships shape our perceptions and personality 2 things Mahler observed Infant/mother interaction during first 3 years Change from security to autonomy Mahler's 3 developmental stages Normal autism: Birth - 4 weeks Normal symbiosis: 4 weeks - 5 months Separationindividuation: 5 - 36 months Normal autism Birth - 4 weeks. Being unaware of others.

Normal symbiosis 4 weeks - 5 months. Beginning to seek relationship with caregiver. Separation-individuation 5 - 36 months. Becoming psychologically separated from mothers, forming own personality. Can be threatening. Heinz Kohut Emphasized the self. Babies internalize how adults relate to them, this becomes their sense of self.! Kohut: Early self characterized by 2 narcissistic needs Grandiose-exhibitionistic self Idealized image of parents Kohut's grandiose-exhibitionistic self Receiving attention from adults. If this is not met, creates a mirror hungry personality. Mirror-hungry personality Happens when one receives too much or too little attention. Kohut's idealized image of parents If not met, creates an ideal-hungry personality. Ideal-hungry personality A person who is overly dependent or in awe of others. Kohut's goal Develop a realistic view of the self and others Object relations therapy goal To show an individual how their inner world came to be and how it can cause difficulty in the actual world Object Relations therapy Short psychodynamic therapy. Breaking maladaptive patterns. Insight into how early experiences influence adult relationships, and using this to break out of negative patterns Object relations concept of humanity Determinism Optimistic/Pessimistic balance Unconscious Social determinants over biology Contributions of object relations

Play therapy Interpersonal relationships Dangers of overprotecting/spoiling...