Psych 290 Exam Review #1 PDF

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These notes were specifically taken from Professor William Whitney, Best of luck- love the class. Good luck, hope this helps! ...

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PSYC 290 Exam #1 Review

Chapter 1 Basic Contours of Human Development (Multidirectional, MultiContextual, MultiCultural, Multidisciplinary, Plastic) ● Multidirectional – gains and losses as people age/at every stage ● Multicontextual – development happens based off surroundings ● Multicultural – behavior passed on from generation to the next, shared beliefs, etc. ● Plastic – everyone, every trait can be altered at any point —> open to any change ● Multidisciplinary – looking to many disciplines to fully understand human development including psychology, sociology, biology, history, medicine, political science, and many more because humans develop simultaneously in many domains, contexts, and cultures What is Developmental Theory? ● A group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations that interpret and illuminate thousands of observations about human growth. A developmental theory provides a framework for explaining the patterns and problems of development. Sensitive Periods of Development (Nature vs. Nurture) ● A time when a certain type of development is most likely, although it may still happen later with more difficulty. ● Ex.) early childhood is considered a sensitive period for language learning ● Nature vs. nurture human behavior is nature AND nurture, cannot be separated Classical Conditioning/Operant Conditioning ● Classical Conditioning: pairs two stimuli; works with involuntary responses ● Operant Conditioning: pairs behavior and response; works with voluntary behaviors Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner ● Ivan Pavlov – classical conditioning – meaningful stimulus (food) becomes connected with a neutral stimulus (bell) that has no special meaning before the learning process began ● Measuring salivation that is dependent on other factors ex.) footsteps, metronome ● B.F. Skinner – operant conditioning – rewards & punishments that either encourages or discourages behavior ● Ex.) the sound the car makes when you don’t have your seat belt on (negative)

Freud and Erikson’s stages of Development

Behaviorism vs. Psychoanalytic Theory

Piaget and Cognitive Theory

Systems Theory and Urie Bronfenbrenner ● Systems Theory – in human development, the person should be considered in all the contexts & interactions ● Ecological-systems approach – Bronfenbrenner’s perspective on human development that considers all the influences from the various contexts of development ● ** later renamed bioecological theory** ● Urie Bronfenbrenner – development happens in a lot of different contexts that all interplay one another Know Basics of Using the Scientific Method and be Familiar with these Terms (Observation, Experiment, Survey, Cross-Sectional Research, Longitudinal Research) ● Cross-sectional Research – in which groups of people of one age are compared with people of another age. ● Longitudinal Research – to help discover whether age itself rather than cohort causes a developmental change

Chapter 2 Be familiar with Chromosomes, Genes, Gametes ● Chromosomes – one of the 46 molecules of DNA (23 pairs) that almost every cell of the human body contains ● Genes – A small section of a chromosome; the basic unit for the transmission of heredity ● Gametes – a reproductive cell; that is, a sperm or an ovum that can produce a new individual if it combines with a gamete from the other sex to form a zygote

Germinal Period, Embryonic Period, Fetal Period

How long is the fetal period? ● 9th week until birth When do the buds appear that will become the arms and legs? ● By the 5th week, arms and legs emerge Genetic Variations and Similarities ● The variation in alleles and genes, both within and among populations and can be identified through either continuous or discrete traits. Chromosomal Makeup ● Males have XY chromosomes while Females have XX Chromosomal Abnormalities Basics of Birth (When does this occur, Normal/Low Birth weight Apgar scale, Labor) ● Apgar scale checks 5 vital signs – color, heart rate, cry, muscle tone(reflexes) and breathing ● Low birth weight – 2 lbs ● Normal birth weight – 5lbs to 8lbs At one’s first birth approx.. how many hours is first labor? ● 6 ½ hours

Chapter 3 Body Changes – Height and Weight

● In comparison to a 24-month-old and a 6yr old weight and height increase by about 16lbs and a foot ● newborns double their weight by 4 months ● NEWBORNS SLEEP APPROX 16 HRS A DAY Brain Development How much do brains grow the first two years of life? ● Doubles in size the first year ● Keeps growing to about 80% of adult size by age 3 ● By 6 yrs old, it is about 90% of adult size Sensation and Perception ● Sensation – the response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus ● Perception – the mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation Cognition Piaget’s sensorimotor stages (What is the sensorimotor period?; What is Stage 3 in the Stages of Sensorimotor Intelligence? ● Sensorimotor period describes the cognitive development of infants, children, and adolescents ● Stage 3: Stage Three (4–8 months) Making interesting sights last: responding to people and objects Example: clapping hands when mother says “patty-cake” Motor Skills ● Any movement ability ● Reflexes that maintain oxygen supply – breathing reflex ● Reflexes that maintain constant body temperature – when cold, infants cry, shiver, and tuck their legs close; when hot, they push away blankets ● Reflexes that manage feeding – sucking reflex, and rooting reflex ●

Babinski reflex. When a newborn’s feet are stroked, the toes fan upward.

● Stepping reflex. When newborns are held upright, feet touching a flat surface, they move

their legs as if to walk. ● Swimming reflex. When held horizontally on their stomachs, newborns stretch out their

arms and legs. ● Palmar grasping reflex. When something touches the palms, newborns grip it tightly. ● Moro reflex. When someone bangs on the table they are lying on, newborns fling their

arms out and then bring them together on their chests, crying with wide- open eyes. Holophrase ● A single word (ex. “ok”) that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought Nutrition

● Breast milk for at least the first 6 months of life Language Learning (Also know the difference between Chomsky and Skinner on theories of language) ● Chomsky -- believes that language is biologically inherited ● Skinner’s theory -- based on how a child learns how to talk through the use of positive reinforcement from adults who already speak a language fluently

Chapter 4 Separation Anxiety ● Clinging and crying when a familiar caregiver is about to leave ● Normal at age 1 and intensifies by age 2 Age that Certain Emotions Emerge (Social Smile, Anger, Pride) ● Social smile – evoked by a human face at about 6 weeks for full-term babies ● Anger appears by 6 months, usually triggered by frustrations ● Pride Self-Awareness ● Realization that he or she is a distinct individual with a body, mind and actions that are separate from other people Brain Development and Emotional Development of 0-2 Difference between Proximal and Distal Parenting ● Proximal parenting: involves close physical contact with the child’s entire body, such as cradling and swinging ● Distal parenting: parents practices that keep some distance from a baby such as providing toys, food, face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching Know Attachment Theory, 4 Patterns of Attachment, Bowlby, Ainsworth ● Ainsworth – attachment is an affectional tie that an infant forms with a caregiver

Synchrony ● A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant Cognitive Theory /Working Model ● Cognitive theory – A theory of human development that focuses on changes in how

people think over time. According to this theory, thoughts shape attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Social Learning – What is it? ● Vygotsky: stressed the power of culture, acknowledging that “the culturally specific nature of experience is an integral part of how the person thinks and acts” Erikson: Trust and Autonomy

SIDS ● Sudden Infant Death Syndrome...