Psych 282 - Chapter 16 - Antecedent Control Procedures PDF

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Jeffrey Pisklak ...

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Chapter 16 – Antecedent Control Procedures Defining Antecedent Control Procedures  Antecedent Control Procedures: A procedure in which antecedents are manipulated to influence the target behavior o May involve manipulating a discriminative stimulus (SD) or cues, establishing operations, or response effort for the target behavior or alternative behaviors  Involve manipulating some aspect of the physical or social environment to make a desired behavior more likely to occur and the undesirable behavior is less likely to occur Presenting the Discriminative Stimulus (SD) or Cues for the Desired Behavior  One reason that a desirable behavior may not occur often is that the discriminative stimuli (S Ds) for the behavior are not present in the person’s environment  By presenting the SD or cues for the behavior, you are rearranging the right conditions for the behavior to occur Arranging Establishing Operations for the Desirable Behavior  An establishing operation is an environmental even tor biological condition that increases the value of a stimulus as a reinforcer  When an establishing operation is present, the behavior that results in that reinforcer is evoked (more likely to occur) o i.e. Running 5 miles and sweating is an establishing operation that makes water more reinforcing, and thus strengthens the behavior of getting and drinking water

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Antecedent Manipulations that Evoke a Desired Response Presenting the SD or supplemental stimuli (cues) that have stimulus control over the desired behavior Arranging an establishing operation such that the consequence of the desirable behavior is more reinforcing Decreasing the response effort for the desirable behavior

Decreasing Response Effort for the Desirable Behavior  Behaviors that require less effort are more likely to occur than are behaviors that require more effort, if both result in fairly equal reinforcers  There are a number of ways to use antecedent control to make it more likely that a desirable behavior will occur (can be used individually or in combination) o You can present the SD or arrange cues for the desirable behavior o You can arrange an establishing operation that will make the outcome of the behavior more reinforcing so that the behavior is more likely to occur o You can manipulate antecedent conditions that decrease the response effort so that the desirable behavior is more likely to occur Removing the Discriminative Stimulus or Cues for Undesirable Behaviors  If the SD or cues for an undesirable behavior are not present, it is less likely that the person will engage in the behavior Presenting Abolishing Operations for Undesirable Behaviors  If you can make the outcome of the undesirable behavior less reinforcing, you will be less likely to engage in the behavior, and therefore, more likely to engage in the desirable behavior  You make the outcome of the undesirable behavior less reinforcing by presenting an abolishing operation (or eliminating an establishing operation) for the reinforcer

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Antecedent Manipulations that Make Undesirable Competing Responses Less Likely Removing the SD or cues for the competing behaviors Presenting an abolishing operation for the outcome of the competing behaviors Increasing the response effort for the competing behaviors

Increasing the Response Effort for the Undesirable Behaviors  If the competing behaviors take more effort, they are less likely to interfere with the desirable behavior  You can implement three antecedent control strategies to decrease the likelihood that undesirable competing responses will interfere with the desirable behaviors o You can remove the SD or cues for the undesirable behaviors o You can present an abolishing operation for the undesirable behaviors o You can increase the response effort for the undesirable behaviors Research of Antecedent Control Strategies  Research has demonstrated that antecedent control strategies are effective in increasing and decreasing a variety of behaviors  Manipulating discriminative stimuli o Researchers can manipulate some antecedent stimulus or event to increase the likelihood that a desirable behavior would occur in the appropriate circumstances o Antecedent manipulation involved a change in the physical or social environment  Manipulating response effort o An alterative behavior is more likely to occur and replace the problem behavior when it takes less response effort

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Manipulating motivating operations Antecedent Manipulation to Decrease Problem Behaviors and Increase Desirable Behaviors Manipulating discriminative stimuli (SDs) or cues:  Eliminating the SD or cues for the problem behavior  Providing the SD or cues for desirable alternative behaviors Manipulating motivating operations  Presenting an abolishing operation for the reinforcer that is maintaining the problem behavior  Creating or enhancing an establishing operation for the reinforcer that is maintaining desirable alternative behaviors Manipulating response effort  Increasing responses effort for the problem behavior  Decreasing response effort for desirable alternative behaviors

Using Antecedent Control Strategies  It is appropriate to use one or more of these strategies whenever the goal is to increase a desirable behavior or decrease an undesirable behavior  If the person is engaging in the behavior at least occasionally, antecedent control strategies may be used to make it more likely that the person will engage in the behavior at appropriate times  Differential reinforcement procedures at used in conjunction with antecedent control procedures to increase desirable behavior  Extinction and differential reinforcement often are used in conjunction with antecedent control procedures to decrease undesirable behavior Analysis of the Three-Term Contingency for the Desirable Behavior  Identify and define the desirable behavior that you want to increase o Can you reduce the response effort involved in this behavior?  Analyze the antecedent situations related to the desirable behavior o What are the SDs for the desirable behavior, and what cues might evoke the desirable behavior? o Which of these SDs and cues are present in the environment, and which ones are not? o Which of these SDs and cues can you manipulate in an antecedent control strategy control strategy, and which ones are outside your control?  Identify the reinforcer for the desirable behavior o If this reinforcer contingent on the desirable behavior? o Is the reinforcer strong enough to maintain the behavior? o Can you manipulate the establishing operation to increase the effectiveness of this reinforcer? o Are there other reinforcers that could be used contingent on the desirable behavior? Analysis of the Three-Term Contingency for the Undesirable Behavior  Identify and define the undesirable competing behaviors that may interfere with the desirable behavior o Can you increase the response effort of these competing behaviors?  Analyze the antecedent stimuli associated with the undesirable behaviors o What are the SDs for the competing behaviors, and what cues might evoke the competing behaviors? o What of these SDs and cues are present in the environment, and which are not? o Which of these SDs and cues can you manipulate in an antecedent control strategy, and which ones are outside of your control?  Identify the reinforcers for the undesirable competing behaviors o Are these reinforcers contingent on the competing behaviors, and are they strong enough to maintaining the behaviors? o Can you manipulate an abolishing operation so as to decrease the effectiveness of these reinforcers for the competing behaviors? o Can you eliminate these reinforcers to use extinction for the competing behaviors? Functional Interventions for Problem Behaviors  Functional Interventions: Interventions (extinction, differential reinforcement, and antecedent control) that decrease problem behaviors without the use of punishment by modifying the antecedents and consequences that control the behaviors o They are functional because they decrease problem behaviors and increase desirable behaviors by modifying the antecedent and consequent variables that control the behaviors o Do not rely on the use of punishment o Should always be the first treatments utilized in an attempt to decrease a problem behavior because they change the conditions that are maintaining the behavior and evoking the behavior  With extinction you are removing the reinforcer for the problem behavior o When the behavior no longer serves a function for the person, there is no reason for the behavior to continue to occur  With differential reinforcement, the person can achieve the same outcome without engaging in the problem behavior o If the person is producing the same functional consequence through an alternative behavior, the absence of the problem behavior, or a lower rate of the problem behavior, there is no reason for the problem behavior to continue to occur  With antecedent manipulations, the antecedent events that evoke the occurrence of the problem behavior are no longer present, the effectiveness of the reinforcer for the problem behavior is diminished, or the effort involved in the problem behavior are increased

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In addition, events that evoke desirable behavior are presented, the effective of the reinforcer for desirable behavior is increased, or the response effort for desirable behavior is decreased When the antecedent conditions no longer favor the problem behavior, the problem behavior will be less likely to occur and desirable behavior will be more likely to occur

Chapter Summary  In antecedent control strategies, antecedent stimuli are manipulated to evoke the occurrence of desirable behaviors and to decrease the likelihood of competing behaviors  If you present an SD for desirable behavior, that behavior is more likely to occur, and if you remove the S D for undesirable behavior, that behavior is less likely to occur  The establishing operation for the outcome of a desirable behavior is a condition that makes the behavior more likely to occur; if you remove the establishing operation (present an abolishing operation) for the outcome of the undesirable behavior, the undesirable behavior is less likely to occur  When a desirable behavior takes less response effort than an alternative undesirable behavior, and both behaviors result in the same reinforcing outcome, the desirable behavior is more likely to occur  Three three functional approaches to intervention for a problem behavior are extinction, differential reinforcement, and antecedent control strategies

Practice Test – Chapter 16 1.

In general terms, what are antecedent control procedures?

2.

How is the occurrence of undesirable competing behaviors related to the occurrence of a desirable behavior?

3.

What is the goal of antecedent control procedures with regard to the occurrence of undesirable competing behaviors?

4.

Identify the three antecedent control strategies that can be used to evoke a desirable behavior.

5.

Identify the tree antecedent control strategies that can be used to decrease the likelihood of undesirable competing behaviors.

6.

Describe how you would eliminate the SD or cues for a problem behavior. Provide an example.

7.

Provide an example of how you would provide the SD or cues for a desirable behavior to get the behavior to occur.

8.

What is an abolishing operation? Provide an example of how you would present an abolishing operation to make it less likely that a problem behavior will occur.

9.

Provide an example of how you would arrange an establishing operation for a desirable behavior to get the behavior to occur.

10. Provide an example of how you would increase the response effort for an undesirable behavior to decrease the frequency of the behavior.

11. Provide an example of how you would decrease the response effort for a desirable behavior to get the behavior to occur.

12. The instructor in your history class has suggested that you read the local morning paper every day to keep up with current events. You decide to use antecedent control strategies to help you read the newspaper each day. a. How will you present the SD or cues for this behavior?

b.

How will you decrease response effort for this behavior?

c.

How will you eliminate the SD or cues for competing behavior that interferes with reading the newspaper?

13. Why is it important to use differential reinforcement in conjunction with antecedent control procedures when you want to increase a desirable behavior?

14. Your young son often eats hot dogs, chips, and desserts, but often refuses to eat fruit and vegetables and other food that you prepare. You want him to eat more of these healthful foods. a. How will you arrange an establishing operation for eating the healthful foods?

b.

How will you increase response effort for the competing behavior (eating hot dogs, chips, and desserts)?

15. What does it mean to say that an intervention is functional?

16. Besides antecedent manipulations, what are two other functional interventions for problem behaviors?...