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Use this information to answer questions 1-3. A group of students obtained these scores in a quiz: 10, 9, 6, 8, 6, 5, 6, 7, 8, 5. What is the mean of these scores? Select one: a. 70 b. 7 c. 6 d. 5 What is the mode of these scores? Select one: a. 7 b. 5 c. 6 d. 70 Calculate the variance of these scores. Select one: a. 2.89 b. 5 c. 3.5 d. The variance cannot be calculated using the given information. How would you calculate the standard deviation of these scores? Select one: a. Take the square root of the variance b. You cannot calculate the variance of the scores with the given information. c. Square the variance. d. Square the mean. e. Take the square root of the mean. What is the formula to calculate an effect size (ES) between two means (Mean A & Mean B)? Select one: a. Mean(A) - Mean(B)/ average SD b. Mean(A)- Mean (B) c. Mean(A) x Mean(B) d. Mean(A) + Mean(B)/varianceAB The idea that human nature is selfish, aggressive, nasty, and competitive but that society constrains people to restrain these impulses is most associated with which famous philosopher? Select one: a. Plato

b. Descartes c. Locke d. Hobbes Which of the following are characteristics of the correlational approach to psychology? Select one: a. measuring how variables are interrelated to each other in the "real" world b. manipulating the independent variable c. examining the differences in naturally occurring groups d. two of the above e. three of the above Which of the following are true of genotypes? Select one: a. a genotype can result in various phenotypes b. a genotype has a reaction range which depends upon environmental factors c. a phenotype is something you are born with d. some of the above e. all of the above Parents who are highly intelligent and well-educated are more likely to provide intellectually stimulating environments for their children and are also more likely to have children who are intelligent than parents who have lower levels of intelligence. This illustrates Select one: a. gene-environment interaction b. evocative gene-environment correlation c. genotypic reaction range d. passive gene-environment correlation e. phenotypic interaction Children with higher intelligence show greater increases in knowledge when exposed to intellectual stimulation than children with less intellectual ability exposed to the same level of intellectual stimulation. This illustrates Select one: a. selective breeding b. incomplete dominance c. active gene-environment correlation d. evocative gene-environment correlation e. gene-environment interaction Conduction in the axon is: Select one: a. all or none b. decremental c. graded

d. hyperpoloarized e. all of the above The resting potential of a neuron: Select one: a. is seen only in the cell body b. is seen only in the axon c. is about +70 mv inside with respect to the outside d. is about -70 mv inside with respect to the outside e. is an all or none conducted potential Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE Select one: a. an excitatory stimulus makes a neuron less polarized b. an inhibitory stimulus makes a neuron less polarized c. the post-synaptic neuron summates excitatory and inhibitory inputs d. when neurons depolarize, they become less negative in voltage In myelinated axons conduction of the action potential: Select one: a. is continuous b. jumps from synapse to synapse c. jumps from dendrite to dendrite d. jumps from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier e. is slowed down by the myelin Which of the following is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter Select one: a. dopamine b. serotonin c. GABA d. glutamate Which of the following are true of neurotransmitters Select one: a. they are stored in presynaptic neurons b. each transmitter has its own shape receptor c. they are ejected from the post-synaptic neuron and then broken down or re-uptaken d. some of the above e. all of the above The right hemisphere is more specialized than the left hemisphere for which of the following Select one: a. face recognition b. language c. spatial/pattern perception

d. some of the above e. all of the above The idea that the brain operates in both a bottom up and top down way, with simple, modality-specific sensory-bound functioning at the bottom and more abstract and flexible, less localized functioning at the top is best associated with Select one: a. Broca b. Gall c. Luria d. Lashley A problem in initiating and organizing action (such as lighting a cigarette) is best called Select one: a. aphasia b. agnosia c. apraxia d. anomia In a “split-brain” patient, which of the following are true Select one: a. an object seen only in the right visual field can be named b. an object seen only only in the left visual field can be named c. the corpus collosum is severed d. a & c e. b & c Psychophysics is a branch of psychology that studies Select one: a. the relationship between the disciplines of physics and psychology b. the brain as a physical object c. the relation between a physical stimulus and the sensory experience it ultimately gives rise to d. the role of the autonomic nervous system e. the physical basis of motivation, emotion, and other mental activity Which of the following is NOT TRUE of Weber's account of sensation Select one: a. The larger the stimulus, the less sensitive one is to changes in its intensity b. the intensity by which the standard must be increased to be noticed is the square root of the intensity of the standard c. Weber's fraction is the percent needed for one j.n.d. d. Weber's fraction differs by modality

The left and right optic nerves cross over to the contralateral side in the Select one: a. blind spot b. thalamus c. occipital lobe d. optic chiasm The Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision postulates ( ) receptors, whereas the Hering opponent-process theory of color vision postulates ( ) receptors. Select one: a. 2, 3 b. 3, 4 c. 4, 3 d. 2, 4 e. 3, 2 Which of the following is NOT a monocular cue to distance and depth Select one: a. linear perspective b. retinal disparity c. relative size d. common fate e. interposition f. texture gradients In the Hit Rate Model, the hit rate (or sensitivity) represents Select one: a. the percent of times the signal is absent that the subject says it is absent b. the percent of times the subject says the signal is present when it actually is c. the percent of times the signal is present that the subject says it is absent d. the percent of times the signal is present that the subject says it is present e. the percent of times the signal is absent that the subject says it actually is present In the Hit Rate Model, the false alarm rate represents Select one: a. the percent of times the signal is absent that the subject says it is absent b. the percent of times the subject says the signal is present when it actually is c. the percent of times the signal is present that the subject says it is absent d. the percent of times the signal is present that the subject says it is present e. the percent of times the signal is absent that the subject says it actually is present In Signal Detection theory, d’ (d prime) refers to which of the following Select one: a. the distance between the means of the “noise” distribution and the “signal” distribution b. how easy the signal is to detect c. the criterion a person uses to say a signal is present

d. all of the above e. some of the above Which of the following is true regarding categorical perception of phonemes Select one: a. discrimination is good at the boundary between phoneme categories b. discrimination functions show sharp inflections c. identification functions are smooth d. discrimination is good within phoneme categories e. some of the above f. all of the above Children lose the ability to discriminate non-native phonemes by Select one: a. 4 months b. 6 months c. 12 months d. 18 months Which of the following are aspects of the body's SNS response to perceived stress Select one: a. heart rate increases b. respiration rate increases c. pupils constrict d. some of the above e. all of the above Which of the following is NOT TRUE of Meany's findings with rat pups Select one: a. rat mothers differ in how much nurturing/licking/grooming they provide b. pups with low-nurturing mothers have more HPA response to stress and are emotional and fearful c. rats with high-nurturing moms have fewer hippocampampal glucocorticoid receptors, resulting in less negative feedback inhibition. d. variations in maternal nurturing affect the expression of genes for hippocampampal glucocorticoid receptors e. the cross-fostering paradigm can help decouple genetic and environmental effects Which results were found in the Hane and Fox (2006) study of 9-month olds Select one: a. infants with more nurturing mothers were less cranky when observed at home b. infants with less nurturing mothers were more fearful and showed less joint attention with their mothers during the lab visit c. infants with more nurturing mothers showed more right frontal activty on EEGs d. some of the above e. all of the above

Erikson's view of the first developmental stage differs from Freud's view in that Select one: a. Erikson's account is psychosexual and Freud's is psychosocial b. Erikson's account is psychosocial and Frued's is psychosexual c. Erikson focuses on oral needs and Freud focuses on mutiple aspects of nurturance d. Erikson postulates a polarity between basic trust and mistrust and Freud postulates a conflict between gratification and frustration of labindial urges e. two of the above When a 9-month-old cries and fusses every time his mother leaves the room, he is showing Select one: a. social referencing b. stranger anxiety c. separation protest d. insecure attachment Harlow's monkeys raised without mothers Select one: a. preferred the wire "mother" that gave milk b. didn't cling to the wire mother c. used the "cloth mother" as an attachment object d. showed equal attachment to the "milk" and "cloth" wire "mothers" Which of the following is NOT TRUE of the "internal working model" according to Bowlby? Select one: a. it represents how the child has been treated by caregivers b. it involves the child's sense of worth c. it is something the child is born with d. it changes over time as a result of experience e. it provides a template for how one views others Which of the following has NOT been found to be true of infants who are "securely attached" in Ainsworth's strange situation Select one: a. they have better peer relations later in childhood b. they don't cry when their mother leaves the room c. their mothers tend to be more responsive and attentive d. they are better problem-solvers in kindergarten Which of the following is NOT one of the required diagnostic criteria for autism Select one: a. problems in social-emotional reciprocity b. problems in social communication c. mental retardation d. problems in social relationships e. restricted repertoire of interests/activities

Which of the following is true of autistic children Select one: a. the majority have intellectual disability b. they have cold and aloof parents c. almost all have special talents like calendar calculation or musical abilities d. two of the above e. three of the above Which of the following is NOT TRUE of motherese Select one: a. using short simple sentences b. giving many commands c. repeating many words and phrases d. using higher and more variable pitch e. using exaggerated stress patterns When a toddler sees a pear and says "apple", this is an example of Select one: a. a predicate statement b. an overegularization c. a categorical overinclusion d. an analogical overextension e. a proto-declarative Which of the following is true of morphological inflections Select one: a. they are omitted in telegraphic speech b. they include verb endings for person and tense c. children sometimes add them where they don't belong d. some of the above e. all of the above In Werker’s study of 5 day old infants growing up in monolingual English, bilingual English-Tagalog, or bilingual English-Chinese language environments, high-amplitude sucking results indicated that Select one: a. the monolingual English children preferred English b. the bilingual English-Tagalog group showed no language preference c. the bilingual English-Chinese children showed more Tagalog preference than the monolingual English children d. some of the above e. all of the above What are phonemes? Select one: a. logical heuristics

b. categories of speech sounds c. minimal sentence-like phrases d. units of meaning Which of the following is true of girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) Select one: a. they are born with semi-male genitals b. they are more likely to be homosexual in orientation as adults c. if they receive hormone treatment after birth, they are no more aggressive and active than females without CAH d. some of the above e. all of the above Which of the following does NOT indicate operation of a gender schema in a preschooler Select one: a. a boy thinking only men fix cars b. a girl saying all nurses are women c. a girl getting upset if you say she’s a boy d. a boy saying that the electrician in a story was a man when it was a woman Which of the following is true of testosterone Select one: a. injection of testosterone increases sex drive in males b. injection of testosterone decreases sex drive in females c. winning a game triggers an increase in testosterone in males d. some of the above e. all of the above Which of the following shows that gender differences in aggression are biological in origin Select one: a. baby male rhesus monkeys engage in more rough-and-tumble play than females b. administering male sex hormone increases aggressive behavior in animals c. more men than women are convicted of violent crimes d. some of the above e. all of the above If your nephew preferred to play with dolls and had mostly female friends during elementary school, what might you predict about his future sexual orientation? Select one: a. he would grow out of it and show heterosexual orientation at adulthood. b. he would have a high probability of being homosexual. c. he would probably be effeminate but would become heterosexual. d. there is nothing you could predict given this limited amount of data. What kind of mental structure do we access when deciding if tulips and daffodils are flowers that grow from bulbs?

Select one: a. a script b. an episodic memory c. an internal working model d. a taxonomic hierarchy e. a perceptual network Which of the following is true of prototypical exemplars of concepts Select one: a. they are classified more quickly than peripheral exemplars b. they are likely to possess most of the characteristic features of the concept c. they are classified more accurately than peripheral exemplars d. some of the above e. all of the above _____ would be a good example of a prototype for the concept "bird." Select one: a. penguin b. sparrow Correct c. turkey d. pelican Pick the proper arrangement of concepts so each is a subset of the next: Select one: a. skateboards, automobiles, vehicles b. men, women, citizens c. lions, predators, animals d. flowers, plants, flowering plants Which of the following is true of connectionist models? Select one: a. they use serial distributed processing b. they mimic neural networks c. a node's level of activation varies according to inputs it receives d. some of the above e. all of the above Which of the following kinds of memory were impaired after HM had his hippocampus lesioned? Select one: a. memory for events that occurred before the operation b. procedural memory, like for bike riding c. memory for new information experienced since the operation d. semantic memory, like for word meanings

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of procedural memories? Select one: a. they involve recalling how to perform a task b. they can be thought of as stimulus-response pairings c. they tend to deteriorate greatly in Alzheimer's disease d. they are stored in the cerebellum According to the Atkinson-Shifrin model of information processing Select one: a. information attended to passes from the sensory register into working memory b. information in working memory is lost in a few seconds if it is not rehearsed c. both recognition and recall demonstrate retrieval from long-term memory d. some of the above e. all of the above Which of the following is NOT TRUE of cortisol’s role in memory Select one: a. excessive amounts of cortisol damage memory b. cortisol facilitates memory via increasing glutamate c. cortisol interferes with long-term potentiation d. cortisol levels affect the health of the hippocampus Which of the following improve retrieval/recall? Select one: a. "deeper" processing at encoding b. using a different format for the retrieval phase than the encoding phase c. relating the to-be-remembered material to previous knowledge d. some of the above e. all of the above Which of the following is PRESENT during the preoperational period Select one: a. reversibility b. symbolic representation c. decentration d. part/whole thinking Which of the following is true about the heritability of IQ Select one: a. it is estimated to be about 50% on average b. heritability of IQ is higher in high SES groups than in low SES groups c. heritability of IQ is higher in adults than in children d. some of the above e. all of the above

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of "schemes" according to Piaget Select one: a. they start out as physical operations on objects b. mental schemes operate on representations c. they disappear by adolescence d. they need to change to incorporate new objects e. schemes become increasingly complex over time Which of the following is an important element of Vygotsky's theory of development? Select one: a. preschoolers do not demonstrate concrete operations b. "experts" in a field solve problems differently than "novices" c. rate of mental development reflects innate capactities d. children "internalize" speech addressed to them To receive the DSM-5 diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) one Select one: a. must meet both the inattentive and hyperactive criteria b. must have been normal until age 5 c. must have a parent who had ADHD d. must meet either the inattentive or the hyperactive/impulsive criteria e. must have feelings of low self-esteem Which of the following is NOT an example of the emergence of self-control in the toddler period Select one: a. inhibiting a prepotent response in the "A not B" task b. using a positive internal working model c. using words like "no" or "hot" while refraining from forbidden acts d. showing shame, embarrassment, or guilt after doing something wrong Which of the following is NOT typical of the "anal" personality according to Freud Select one: a. being stubborn b. being obsessive, compulsive, and orderly c. being stingy d. being flashy, histrionic, and dramatic e. being moralistic and preoccupied with authority Which of the following is NOT TRUE of brain functioning in ADHD? Select one: a. the frontal lobes show less glucose metabolism b. the frontal lobes shows elevated serotonin activity c. dopamine activity is reduced in the frontal lobes d. frontal lobe blood flow is reduced

Who devised the first age-graded scale to identify children needing special schooling by using tasks such as vocabulary, arithmetic, memory, discrimination, concepts, and comprehension questions? Select one: a. Galton b. Yerkes c. Binet d. Goddard e. Terman In the diathesis-stress model of psychopathology Select one: a. the diathesis is always biological b. the diathesis is always psychological c. the diathesis can be either biological or psychological d. the diathesis can be environmental Which of the following is true of the fundamental attribution error? Select one: a. people tend to make dispositional attributions about themselves b. people tend to make situational attributions about themselves c. people tend to make personological attributions about others d. some of the above e. all of the above Which of the following is NOT one of Kahneman and Tversky's cognitive heuristics? Select one: a. availability b. representativeness c. illusory correlation d. cognitive dissonance e. confirmatory bias Which best describes the effect of stereotype...