Psychometrics final review notes PDF

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Review notes made for final exam, fall 2019...

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1. Compare and contrast the traditional and behavioural approaches to psychological assessment. See handout and p. 327-339 - Traditional approaches tend to be complex, indirect, psychodynamic and often extraneous to treatment. In contrast, behavioural approaches tend to be simple, direct, behaviour-analytic and continuous with treatment. - Additionally, the client’s past plays an important role in traditional approaches as the present conditions are seen as products of the past whereas in behavioural approaches, the past is relatively unimportant except, for instance, to provide a baseline. - The two approaches also differ in methods of assessment used as traditional approaches put emphasis on indirect methods such as interviews and self-report while behavioural approaches put more emphasis on direct methods such as observations of behaviour in natural environment 2. Discuss the major theories of intelligence. ● Spearman- intelligence consists of two kinds of factors: a single general factor (g) and numerous specific factors (s1, s2, s3, and so on) ● Cattell-horn- intelligence consists of pervasive, broad and narrow abilities that are hierarchically organized. These are known as stratum III, II, and I, respectively. ● Sternberg- intelligence also involves adaptation to the real world. His model is called triarchic because it deals with three aspects of intelligence: analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence. ● Guilford- classified intellectual abilities along three dimensions called operations, contents and products ● Gardner- argues for the existence of several relatively independent human intelligences, such as linguistic and musical. 3. Discuss the assumptions used in developing the major interest inventories discussed in the text: Holland’s model, e.g. Strong, Self-Directed Search. See Chapter 11b - In his theory of person-environment fit, Holland proposes that personality traits tend to cluster into a small number of vocationally relevant patterns called types. For each personality type there is a corresponding work environment best suited to that type. According to Holland, there are six types: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising and conventional. This is why the model is known as the RIASEC model. One of the inventories using this model is the self directed search, a self administered, self scored, self interpreted test of vocational interest. It measures the six RIASEC themes. It consists of items that the examinee marks “like” or “dislike” (or “yes” or “no”) in four sections. The three highest theme scores are used to denote a summary code, which the examinee can look up in the occupations finder manual in order to find a list of occupations that best fit them. 4. Describe the manner in which the rorschach is administered, scored, and interpreted. See p. 298-304

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Examiner first builds rapport then sits to the side of the examinee to minimize body language communication. For each card, the examiner asks the examinee to look at the stimulus and to answer, “what might it be?”. Before the test, the examiner asks for “two, maybe three responses” per card. - Responses then are scored for a number of variables such as location, content and determinants. - The summary scores are then used to form the basis for hypothesizing the personality of the examinee. - For instance, the F+ percent is the proportion of total responses that uses pure form as a determinant. When F+ falls below 70, the examiner should consider the possibility of severe psychopathology 5. Compare and contrast the MMPI-2 and the CPI. p. 319-324, p. 344-347 - MMPI-2 is a revised version of the MMPI. Compared to the MMPI, the MMPI-2 had a more representative sample. The MMPI-2 consists of 567 true or false items. It has 10 clinical scales, dozen of supplementary scales and 4 validity scales (cannot say, F, L and K). While the MMPI-2 focuses on maladjustments, such as schizophrenia and psychopathic deviate, the CPI is a true or false test measuring the dimensions of normal personality, such as responsibility and independence. Moreover, the CPI is available in two forms: the CPI-434 and the CPI-260, which contain 434 and 260 items, respectively. Moreover, the component scales and the interpretative strategies are nearly identical for the two CPI versions. 6. Describe the myers-briggs type indicator and discuss the dimensions of personality tested by this instrument. Chp 9 p. 340-344 - Is a forced choice, self report inventory that attempts to classify persons according to an adaptation of carl jung’s theory of personality types. It revolves around the four polarities: 1.) extraversion-introversion 2.) sensing-intuition 3.) thinking-feeling 4.) judging-perceiving. For instance, an extravert directs energy outward to people and conversations while an introvert directs energy inward to his or her inner world. Furthermore, the examinee is categorized on one side or the other of each polarity, resulting in a four letter code. This allows for a total of 16 different personality types. 7. Discuss the interview and bio data as methods of personnel selection? How valid are they? If validity is an issue, what can be used to increase the validity? - Biodata is an objective or scorable autobiographical data. It revolves around the idea that future work related behaviour can be predicted from past choices and accomplishments. In terms of validity, several reviewers produced generally positive findings. For instance, it’s been proven that biodata and cognitive ability tests have the same predictive validity in terms of predicting training success. - Employment interview is regarded by many as the vital make or break component of hiring. Validity of employment interview was typically assessed by correlating interview judgments with on the job performance. Early studies yielded low validity coefficients. However, some studies using carefully structured interviews, including situational interviews, provided more positive picture of interview validity. Moreover, validity can be improved by asking behavioural questions instead of theoretical ones. For instance, use

the words “did” or “have done”, instead of “would do” or “going to”. Example of an appropriate question would be “Please give me an example of when you have…” 8. Describe the halstead-reitan neuropsyc test battery - It is one of the most widely used fixed batteries and is considered the gold standard because of the large body of affirming research on the battery. It involves several tests, such as the category test which measures abstract reasoning and concept formation by requiring examinee to find the rule for categorizing pictures of geometric shapes. It also involves measuring grip strength with a dynamometer by requiring examinee to squeeze as hard as possible. Tactile form recognition is also included as examinee is required to recognize simple shapes placed in the palm of their hand. 9. Discuss the major methods of establishing reliability of a test. What are the three myths about alpha according to Streiner (1993)? - Split half reliability- correlates the pairs of scores obtained from equivalent halves of a test administered only once to a representative sample of examinees while kuder-richardson 20 is a reliability measure for a test that is scored either 0 or 1 (right or wrong). On the other hand, cronbach’s alpha represents the average of all possible split halves. It extends the KR-20 to types of tests with items not scored 0 or 1. - Three myths about alpha: 1.) it measures only the internal consistency of the scale 2.) higher values are always preferred over lower ones 3.) it is restricted to the range of 0 to 1 10. What are executive functions? Describe some useful tests of executive functions - Executive functions include logical analysis, conceptualization, reasoning, planning and flexibility of thinking. Porteus maze test is a culture reduced measure of planning and foresight. It involves tracing a line through a series of increasingly difficult maze without lifting the pencil. Wisconsin card sorting test measures abstract thinking and ability to shift set. Examinee is given a pack of 64 cards on which printed one of four symbols, in one of four colors. Each card has one number, one symbol and one color. Examinee sorts them according to certain principles (ie. according to color). The examiner shifts the principle without waring (ie. from color to form). Tinkertoy test involves 50 pcs of a standard tinkertoy set as the examinee is told to make whatever they want with them within five minutes. The test is scored from -1 to +12 based on variables such as number of pieces used, symmetry and naming of the construction. Clients with head injury usually come up with impoverished designs using only a small number of pieces.

Go back to: ● Pp. 279-291 ________ CHP 8 ORIGINS OF PERSONALITY TESTING Projective test

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Examinee encounters vague, ambiguous stimuli and responds with his or her own constructions - Focuses on unconscious inner aspects of personality Projective hypothesis - Assumption that personal interpretations of ambiguous stimuli must necessarily reflect the unconscious needs, motives, and conflicts of the examinee Five categories of projective techniques: 1. Association to inkblots or words ● The rorschach - 10 inkblots on a white background devised by herman rorschach in the early 1900s - 5 are black or shades of gray - 5 contain color - Ages 5 and up but most commonly used with adults Scoring: - Rorschach comprehensive system (CS) - Rorschach performance assessment system (R-PAS): most commonly used - Rorschach prognostic rating scale (RPRS): used to predict who will be successful in psychotherapy - Thought disorder index- assess formal thought disorder. Diagnosis of individuals with schizophrenia ● Holtzmann inkblot technique 2. Construction of stories or sequences ● The thematic apperception test (TAT) - Contains 30 pictures that portray a variety of subject matters and themes in black and white drawings and photographs; one card is blank. - Created to tap Murray’s 15 needs (theory of manifest needs) ●

The picture projective test (PPT) - Attempt to construct a general purpose instrument with improved psychometric qualities - Uses a set of pictures taken from the family of man photo essay published by the museum of modern art - Much more positive than TAT - Also superior in differentiating psychotics from normals and depressives

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Children’s apperception test (CAT) - Direct extension of TAT - 10 pics and is suitable for children 3 to 10 yrs old - CAT-A- animals in human social settings; for younger children - CAT-H- human figures for older children

3. Completion of stories or sentences ● Sentence completion test- examinee is presented with a series of stems consisting of the first few words of a sentence and the task is to provide an ending - Rotter incomplete sentences blank- three similar forms: highschool, college and adult. - Each contains 40 sentence stems written mostly in first person - Adjustment score from 0 to 6 (omission, conflict response, positive response, neutral response) 4. Arrangement or selection of pictures or verbal choices 5. Expression with drawings or play ● Draw a person test ● House tree person test CHP 8B: SELF-REPORT AND BEHAVIOURAL ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Theory guided inventories ● Personality research form- true or false inventory based on Murray’s theory of manifest needs - Parallel short tests (forms A and B) - Parallel long forms (forms AA and BB) - college students - 440 true or false items - 20 personality scales - 2 validity scales: infrequency and desirability ● State trait anxiety inventory - Popular self-report measure of anxiety - Differentiate between the temporary condition of state anxiety and more long standing quality of trait anxiety Factor analytically derived inventories ● Eysenck personality questionnaire - Designed to measure the major dimensions of normal and abnormal personality - Three major dimensions of personality: Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism - Lie scale - 90 yes or no items - Designed for 16 yrs or older ●

Comrey personality scales - Assessment of personality among college students - 180 statements, one third the length of other instruments such as MMPI-2 Criterion keyed inventories- test items are assigned to a particular scale, if and only if, they discriminate between a well defined criterion group and a relevant control group. Doesn't look at theories

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) - MMPI was published in 1943. 566 true or false items. Psychiatric diagnosis - Control group used was unrepresentative… visitors of patients - Obsolete terms - Sexist language - MMPI-2 was published on 1989. Sample more representative - Higher educational levels overrepresented - 567 true or false items - 4 validity scales (Cannot say, L, F and K), 10 clinical scales, dozen of supplementary scales - Raw scores → t scores - MMPI-2-RF… 338 items selected from MMPI-2

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Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) - 175 t or f items - Shorter than MMPI - Identify clinical patterns in a manner that is compatible with the DSM-IV

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Personality inventory for children-2 (PIC-2) - 5 to 19 yrs old - 275 t or f - Completed by parent or parental surrogate - Involved in a triad with personality inventory for youth (PIY), filled out by child and student behaviour survey (SBS), filled out by teacher - Minimized content overlap - Each subscale possesses homogenous content - 3 response validity scales (inconsistency, dissimulation, defensiveness) - 9 adjustment scales

Behavioural Assessment - Concentrates on behaviour itself rather than on underlying traits Behavioural therapy 1. Exposure-based methods - Treatment of phobias - Systematic exposure of client to the feared stimulus either through systematic desensitization or flooding Assessments used: - Behavioural avoidance test- measures how long the client can tolerate the anxiety-inducing stimulus - Fear survey schedule- face valid devices that require respondents to indicate the presence and intensity of their fears, typically on a 5 or 7 point likert scale

2. Cognitive behaviour therapies - Changing the belief structure of client - rational emotive therapy (RET) - self instructional training - cognitive therapy Assessments used: - Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)- cognitive distortions that underlie depression 3. Self-control procedures- client chooses the goals and actively participates in supervising, charting and recording progress toward the end point(s) of therapy. - Pleasant events schedule (PES) 4. Social skills training Additional assessments: 1. Structured interview schedules - Structured - Semistructured 2. Assessment by systematic direct observation- either through frequency or duration of target behaviour 3. Analogue behavioural assessment- clients are observed in a contrived but plausible setting and also are instructed to engage in relevant tasks designed to elicit behaviours of interest… one way window 4. Ecological momentary assessment- real time measurement of client experience in the real world, at the point of experience. Hand held device. Avoid biases of human recall, saliency and recency CHP 9 ASSESSMENT OF NORMALITY AND HUMAN STRENGTHS Is personality typological or dimensional? Broad band tests of normal personality- measures full range of functioning, as opposed to limited aspects ● Myers-briggs type indicator (MTBI) - forced choice, self report inventory that attempts to classify persons according to an adaptation of carl jung’s theory of personality types. - Vocational guidance and organizational consulting - Form M - Form G - Form Q - Four theoretically independent polarities: 1.) extraversion-introversion 2.) sensing-intuition 3.) thinking-feeling 4.) judging-perceiving - 16 diff personality types ● California psychological inventory (CPI) - True or false test designed to measure the dimensions of normal personality.

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CPI-434 CPI-260 Implementers Supporters Innovators Visualizers

NEO PI-R - Embodies decades of factor analytic research with clinical and normal adult pop - Based on the five factor model of personality - Five domains: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness - Two parallel forms conisisting of 240 items rated on a five point dimension. Five point ratings likert scale - 3 items to check validity - Form R for outside observers - Form S for self reports - NEO PI-R-3: more readable. As young as 12

Moral judgement scale - Kohlberg’s stages of moral development (preconventional, conventional, postcon) Defining issues test - What action to take Faith maturity scale - Protestants CHP 10B NEUROPSYC TESTS, BATTERIES AND SCREENING TOOLS Conceptual model of brain-behaviour relationships Each neuropsyc test evaluates one or more of the ff: - Sensory input - Attention and concentration - Learning and memory - Language - Spatial and manipulatory ability - Executive functions (logical analysis, concept formation, reasoning, planning, flexibility of thinking) - Motor output Assessment of sensory input ● Reitan-klove sensory-perceptual examination - unilateral and bilateral stimulation in the modalities of touch, hearing and vision. - Tasks are so simple that normal persons seldom make any errors at all

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Finger localization test - Possible sensory losses caused by impairment of brain functions - Identify those fingers that have been touched

Measures of attention and concentration ● Test of everyday attention - Measures subcomponents of attention, including sustained attention, selective attention, divided attention and attentional switching - Real life scenarios, adding to ecological validity - Close head injury, stroke patients, people with alzheimer’s - Map search, elevator, telephone search, lottery ●

Continuous performance test - Measure of sustained attention - Continuous presentation of letters on a screen - Press key when a certain letter appeared or after appeared

Tests of learning and memory ● Wechsler memory scale-IV (WMS-IV) - Extensive, multiphasic memory test consisting of nine subtests - Immediate memory index - Delayed memory index - Auditory memory index - Visual memory index - Visual working memory index - Co-normed with WAIS-IV ●

Rey auditory verbal learning test - Memory test consisting of free recall of a 15 item word list

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Fuld object memory evaluation - Useful test of memory impairment in the elderly - Test begins by presenting examinee with a bag containing 10 common objects - Examinee determines whether he or she can identify objects by touch alone - Distractor task - Recall as many of the objects as they can - Confirm alzheimer’s - Dementia in chinese elderly

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Rivermead behavioural memory test - Measure of everyday memory such as route finding, remembering names, and recalling information

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Many elements of memory Geriatric and rehabilitation settings Names Belonging Appointment Pictures Immediate story Delayed story Faces Immediate route Immediate message Delayed message Orientation- personal and societal info Date

Assessment of language functions: ● Clinical examination for aphasia - Spontaneous speech- word finding difficulty (ie. referring to comb as planker) - Repetition of sentences and phrases - Comprehension of spoken language - Word finding - Reading - Writing and copying - Calculation Test of spatial and manipulatory ability: ● Design copying tests - Involves so many cognitive capacities - Sensitive to a wide variety of brain impairing conditions - Bender visual-motor gestalt test Assessment of executive functions: - include logical analysis, conceptualization, reasoning, planning and flexibility of thinking. - Major issue- how to transfer goal setting, structuring and decision making from clinician to examinee within the structured examination wherein clinicians choose what activities the examinee is g...