Psychosocial Aspects OF Pregnancy PDF

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The woman will live her gestation and maternity process based on various factors such as: the patterns of communication and interaction that her family offered her in her childhood to meet her emotional, educational and health needs, the experience with infants or siblings, environmental circumstanc...

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PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF PREGNANCY, CHILDBIRTH AND POSTPARTUM Introduction Pregnancy, including birth, is perhaps the most important, emotional and dramatic experience of a person's life.

Interrelated aspects Biological: get the child born healthy without complications for the mother. Psychological: emotional relationships, body image, etc. Adapting the mother to the new situation. Social:interrelationship marriage and family Cultural:behavior - beliefs Theory by which researchers have been guided: Psychodynamic approach: data obtained through clinical observation. Primary mother-child relationships stand out. Behavioral approach:studies interested in the quantification and evaluation of various aspects - events or symptoms, defining internal, external and cognitive factors. In order to understand the care objectives aimed at improving the quality of life, the area of health needs to be aware of the evolution of women in different aspects. Socio-cultural aspects Each culture has strong beliefs and defined values about appropriate behavior in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum to which mothers-to-be should be accommodated by partly conditioning their expectations and behavior. Society requires a guarantee on the part of parents for the success of gestation and which is often in basic forms of responsibility and proper behaviour. Human reproduction is a cooperative social process, so society not only demands, but also supports. Four types of support: Fertilization aid Protecting damage and injury during pregnancy

Economic aid Personal assistance Ps should be aware of the different sociocultural background of the pregnant woman in order to develop care plans as comprehensive and individualized as possible. "plans must be made with and not for the patient and the family." Psychological aspects The woman will live her gestation and maternity process based on a number of factors such as: The patterns of communication and interaction that his family offered him in his childhood to meet his emotional, educational and health needs. Previous experience with infants or siblings. Environmental circumstances. Your sexual and psycho-affective experience. Your knowledge of childcare. The ability to cope with tensions and unforeseen events. Your resources for establishing appropriate channels or communication links. Your personality - trust Self-assessment The ability to enjoy your body. Pregnancy It raises to the woman three realities: The appearance of a new being that will modify the interrelationships of the partner or family. Deep biological, anatomical and functional modifications. Successive adjustments and changes to your social role. Two types of factors will be given during pregnancy: Internal, cognitive and at-atstum altoring factors It is an important source of stress throughout pregnancy, characterized by: Emotional ambivalence

Imminent and undefiable character The emergence of small demands and inconveniences Thechallenge: the pregnancy crisis Thethreat: concerns and fears such as: Child health and normalcy Newborn condition at birth Loss of physical attractiveness Financial problems Medical care in childbirth Family problems Effects of medication Child's hereditary defects Sources of anxiety:concern about physical aspects Well-being of the fetus Breastfeeding, etc. External factors: certain factors and events are also present such as: Financial concerns. Husband's dissatisfaction in his work. Serious marital disharmony. Lack of family support. Conflict between the parties. Pregnant husband or woman's illness. Death. The main sources of extreme stress are: 1st. Health problems for the pregnant woman herself or the people in her care. 2nd. Conflicts related to work, employment and professional activity. 3rd. Living conditions. 4th. The constellation of family relationships.

Cognitive evolution of pregnancy Desire and attitude Planned pregnancy Psychological vulnerability derived from problematic pregnancy Pregnancy is a crisis not only of moderation or psychosocial development, but also accidental situation. Adolescent pregnancy: does not constitute a homogeneous group in terms of: Type of pregnancy Social framework around you Degree of legitimacy Major problems unwanted pregnancy. Perinatal grief: intrauterine death. The types are: Early death The stillbirth Neonatal death The grieving answers - it's the time of maximum pain. Among the emotions that first appear are the feelings of loss and emptiness characterized by a deep and painful feeling of loneliness. Later, an overwhelming feeling of anxiety, alarm and restlessness arises. Fear of oblivion, along with obsessive thoughts of the kind why? Disruption of gestation: voluntary abortion. It is extremely difficult to properly assess the psychological impact of abortion and this may be due to the following reasons: Difficulty in the preparation of statistics of the results. There are no psychological and mental health assessments. Women who have had abortions are often not predisposed to provide too much information about themselves. "Post-abortion syndrome" has been discussed - following phases: Unease and sadness I remember Deep depression

Other psychosocial risks of pregnancy The social environment contributes greatly to increasing the stress of pregnancy. From a biopsychosocial health perspective, we are clear that poverty, racial barriers, drug abuse and ill-treatment in the family group are going to be complex and interactive factors that determine the quality of pregnancy. Coping resources and strategies Resources should be distinguished between their own and others. Own resources can be: Physical Materials Psychological Other people's resources - refer to supporters Family Social Health Cultural facilitation The strategies used by pregnant women are no different from those used by anyone in a stressful situation. Acceptance of reality promotes positive confrontation. Delivery Childbirth anxiety As pre-birth experience, women raise concerns about: Maintaining and controlling your self-image Fear of failure Fear of loneliness The loss of their autonomy in decision-making Concern for the child's well-being Fear of care The moments of greatest concern are: In determining the possibility of the onset of childbirth

When you enter the hospital Higher frequency of contractions At the end of the dilations due to the intensity of the labor effort. Coping resources and strategies Of particular importance is the role of the husband during childbirth. Helping women understand the birthing process Supporting her in contractions Helping her in her breaths Offering company, etc. The experience of meeting the newborn It is the encounter of desires with reality. A system of mutual learning is soon established between mother and child. Physically and emotionally seek contact with your baby. Puerperium Physiological reset to coupling and rhythm change. It is a stage of intense motherhood, with considerable stress and adoptive work. Postpartum is understood as the period from birth to several weeks later with which a mother-child adaptation occurs. Adaptation to motherhood Concept - operating according to the following aspects: Accepting the new role of mother Acceptance of the child Individualizing the child as a person other than her child Reactivity to the child.

Factors. We must highlight the quality of the relationship. Evolutionary course ! Three stages - e of adaptation E support E of abandonment

Breastfeeding and mother-to-be The ability to breastfeed depends on a woman's attitude towards pregnancy and motherhood. The causes of early breastfeeding cessation are not easy to determine. The following factors can be established: F. Clinical. F. Ecological or environmental, cultural in type. F. Sociological. F personal women who refer to her previous attitude, personal and family history. Support, It is a loving, active and reciprocal relationship between two people. Psychological vulnerability derived from postpartum Postpartum depression. Some of the most common possible psychological disorders include: Postpartum despondency Neurotic depression - varying according to the degrees of severity Depressive psychosis is the most serious disorder but fortunately it is the lowest incidence. Factors that increase this vulnerability are: The mother's physical and emotional problems Lack or inadequacy of psychosocial supports Socioeconomic deprivation. Factors that decrease vulnerability are: Harmonic relationship of the couple Husband's support quality Active role of the father's day-to-day tasks Family and health staff support Participation in psychological aid and maternal education programmes.

Psychosocial intervention The importance and difficulty of the psychosocial tasks of motherhood/paternity justify a multi-professional intervention that is reflected in an adequate health team. Detecting preconditions First step of the intervention is the exploration and detection of preconditions, psychological and social. E.g. Desire, attitude, personality, involvement, socioeconomic and work conditions, etc. 2nd. Preparation for childbirth "maternal education". Among its basic objectives are: Exploration of conscious and unconscious feelings towards the future child. Awareness-raising. Psychological and muscle relaxation. Integrate sexual function, dissolving fears. Motivate the partner to participate and engage in the process. The methods of maternal education applied are: Physical preparation. Learning and discipline of breathing. Specific psychological preparation. General pedagogical preparation. Monitoring at the time of delivery. From the most psychological than medical perspective, two large blocks appear. Information on aspects related to childbirth. Anatomy and physiology of pregnancy and childbirth Behaviors that promote well-being Procedures to which they will be subjected The pain and possibility of your control Procedure for the Elimination of Interfering Behaviors: Prenatal gymnastics Breathing training

Muscle relaxation Desensitization birthing process Pain management Self-instruction training Advice and post-natal help Maintain a relationship with health equipment with the postpartum by valuing and favoring: Confidence of one's capacity for motherhood Mother-son adaptation Partner participation Reactions and behaviors of other children Valuation of family and social supports The postpartum prevention program may be configured by the following procedures: Informational procedure: Process place of delivery, alterations, changes that can occur Baby development features and needs Proper alignment for mother and child Most common problems. Training procedure: Gymnastics. Breastfeeding preparation. Muscle relaxation. Baby driving. Planning activities. Strengthening the couple, etc. Psychological and social intervention in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum offers great possibilities for health professionals to help women.

The Terminally Ill and Death

Death.- last act of human behavior. Culturalaspects. Psychological death - occurs when the person's mind stops working, even though the body keeps its biological functions active. Social death - occurs when people act and behave with the sick as if they were already dead. Legal death - when the person is considered dead by competent legal authority. Social aspects Among the causes of this change, the following could be noted: Dominant ideology about disease Technological advances Less tolerance of suffering There is no adequate education for death. Evolutionary aspects As the years go by, we are more aware of the years we have lived than we have left to live. Basic attitudes to death There are three: a) denial Anxiety Acceptance Negotiation ! It supports two forms: Cognitive - rejects any thoughts about death. Behavioral - acting recklessly. Anxiety or fear Is the most common thing when you think of death. It also has other components: Fear of agony Fear of intense pain Fear of humiliation of relying on others

Acceptance The best personal orientation towards death is acceptance. Tanatology "education for death. Psychological aspects of dying. The Terminally Ill The primary criteria of dying are psychosocial in nature. The patient and the family tend to see the fact of dying based on three key moments: When it's communicated. When it takes place. When it's accepted. Communication is information about death The most obvious solution to this contentious issue would be at first glance to inform the requester and not to give it to anyone who does not want it. Although this solution would clash with the difficulty of distinguishing one patient from another. Process of dying "dying" - has three different points of view: 2.1- the process of dying and health professionals The reactions of the ps to the terminally ill - the way they treat them healthily changes radically. The ps are deeply affected by the difficult situation of the terminally ill. There are several reasons why ps do not pay sufficient attention to the terminally ill: Because in college they haven't been prepared for it. Because they've been taught to save lives. Because ps, is at the same time, a human being that death also affects. Because the sick, most of the time, we have them deceived about their disease. The trajectory of agony seen by health professionals, accurately identified and labeled various agony trajectories: Quick track: Emergency situations. Acute trajectory: High-risk therapeutic procedures. Danger situation path. Crisis trajectory.

The most characteristic aspects of this type of agony trajectory are: The urgency of time Therapeutic efforts The continuous changes in expectations about the fate of the patient's life. The process of dying of the terminal patient Nursing is redefining its professional role by unconditionally and enthusiastically taking care of the dying person and his family members. It is important for nursing to be sensitive to the emotional reactions of the terminally ill and their loved ones, as well as to be aware of the difficulties of giving them genuine care. Basic reactions of the terminally ill. From a psychoanalytic point of view Regression Replese of self Anguish The stages of dying Denial wrath Negotiation Depression Acceptance Determining factors in the process of dying. In general, we can say that the face of terminal disease is determined by the interaction of three types of factors: Personal Factors, such as: Personality characteristics Sex Age Attitudes, values, beliefs Coping resources and strategies Factors Related to patient disease,such as: Course, evolution Pain, incapacitation, mutilation

Treatment and care Sociocultural factors,such as: Socioeconomic conditions Values, rites of death, religious beliefs Health support Family partner support. The process of dying and interpersonal relationships - family-friends 1st. On the part of the sick- leads to retracting in all social contact. This reaction may be due to: To avoid people's curiosity. To the desire to find a psychological space that allows him to manage his intense emotions. Fear - to cause emotional impact. 2nd. From family and friends -find sinful difficulties communicating with the dying patient. Suggestions for easy communication: We must be alert to indirect and symbolic forms of communication We must ensure that the dying man's conduct is as competent and effective as possible. Finally, our communication with the dying is facilitated if we can prevent our needs and fears from being projected on the sick. Where to die? The humanization of hospitalcare: the palliative care unit. The objective of this health approach is the integral care of the sick: in their physical, emotional, social and spiritual aspects. His most characteristic notes are: Incorporate the family of the patient in which to make caregiver scare. It promotes the principle of autonomy and dignity of the sick as a person. Provides individualized and continuous attention. The basis of therapeutics in terminal patients would be: Comprehensive attention.

The sick and the family are the unit to work. The promotion of the autonomy and dignity of the sick. An active and rehabilitative therapeutic conception. The importance of the environment. The basic tools available to the ucp Symptom control. Emotional support and communication with the sick. Organizational changes and adaptation. Multidisciplinary team - sufficient support. Palliative care revolves around several basic principles that could be summarized in the following two: Control of the pain and discomfort of the patient. Personal care and open discussion about death. Psychosocial intervention with the terminally ill 1st. Psychosocial intervention with the dyingit must start from the knowledge and mastery of two elements: Psychological needs. Basic help type. Psychological needs of the terminally ill Need for security and self-confidence and others. Need for company to serve you like family. Need for understanding. Need for communication. Need for attention, kindness and respect. Need for information. B) psychoemotional support - also try to respond to needs. It consists in accompanying the sick and their family in the physical, psychological, social and spiritual process. 2nd. Specific nursing intervention with the terminal patient

The field of action of the pe with the terminal patient is of great amplitude as can be: Function to help the sick and family. Teaching and tutoring function. Diagnostic and surveillance function of the patient. Prevention and effective intervention in rapid and multifactorial changes. Administration and supervision of therapeutic interventions and treatments. Supervision and quality assurance. Specific organization of the nursing area. Coordination at the organizational level. Continuous training. Most important nursing functions: Function to help the terminally ill and family Therapeutic relationship. Provide relief measures. Offer presence and availability. Help the patient and family overcome lost. Detect and prevent the possibility of pathological bereavement. Maintain realistic perspectives. Facilitate psychoemotional support. Suggest or provide help from other professionals, etc. Teaching and tutoring function Maintain a sense of opportunity. Help the patient integrate their disease into their lifestyle. Discover subjective interpretation of the disease. Facilitate interpretation of the patient's condition and provide explanations of treatment. Make specific aspects of a terminally ill disease affordable. Minimize comprehension issues.

Continued training Specialized psychological intervention with the terminally ill Each of the techniques has a common objective to the following aspects: Help the terminally ill get more out of their life. Encourage a sense of comfort and psychic relaxation. Help overcome sadness and depression. Given the depressive and anxious reactions we have: Behavioral techniques Extinction of deadoptive behaviors and reinforcement of adoptive behaviors. Rescue of rewarding activities. Cognitive techniques Stop thinking. Cognitive restructuring. Self-instruction. Relaxation techniques Breathing in three strokes. Display. Psychosocial intervention with the family Any psychosocial intervention with the family of a deceased must be based on the knowledge and mastery of two basic elements: Psychological reactions of people to the death of a loved one The grieving experience refers to the loss that is an inevitable experience that occurs in people's lives. It is usually distinguished between the following related terms: Loss - is the deprivation of something important. Grief - is the experience of loss from the death of a loved one. Affliction- refers to the emotional responses that accompany bereavement. Mourning - refers to the emotional responses of social behavior envisaged to express affliction.

The grieving process Customviewpoint: Feeling guilty. Evidence denial behavior. Self-destructive thoughts. Inability to replace the loss. Symptomatology similar to depression. Somatic symptoms. Socializedpoint of view: Relatives closest to us feel grief. Friends express support and help. Over time this tends ...