Psychotherapy midterm reviewer PDF

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Summary

Theory of Psychoanalysis – by Sigmund Freud; influenced different studies of personality (theory of personality); focus on how the unconscious mind influences thoughts, feelings and behavior; suggests that the motivation behind one's behaviour lies outside of one's awareness; “behaviour is determine...

Description

Theory of Psychoanalysis – by Sigmund Freud; influenced different studies of personality (theory of personality); focus on how the unconscious mind influences thoughts, feelings and behavior; suggests that the motivation behind one's behaviour lies outside of one's awareness; “behaviour is determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivation, and biological and instinctual drives.”; developed firstly as another means as treatment for patients who did not respond to other medical and or psychological methods Freud - "people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivation, thus gaining insight”; helps person achieve self-awareness and insight into their behaviour and experiences; Founder of Psychoanalysis school of thought 3 levels of personality (Psychoanalytic) 1. 2.

3.

Conscious - inclusive of experiences and sensation which persons are aware Preconscious - storehouse of memories, perceptions and thoughts which persons are aware, but can be brought into consciousness Unconscious - dividing force behind all behaviours; the focus of psychoanalytic therapy

Psychoanalytic Therapy - form of in-depth talk therapy that aims to bring unconscious or deeply buried thoughts and feelings to the conscious mind so that repressed experiences and emotions, often from childhood, can be brought to the surface and examined; "the talking cure."; uses analytic techniques to help release repressed thoughts, experiences, and emotions, but it is a modified, generally briefer, and less intense version of early Freudian analysis. History In 1885, Freud began to study and work with Jean-Martin Charcot at the Salpêtrière in Paris. Charcot used hypnosis to treat women suffering from what was then known as hysteria. Symptoms of the illness included partial paralysis, hallucinations, and nervousness. Freud continued to research hypnotism in treatment with colleague Josef Breuer (Anna O. case). Freud and Breuer collaborated on a book called Studies on Hysteria and Freud continued to develop his use of this "talk therapy." This approach proposed that simply talking about problems could help relieve psychological distress. Used when? People with depression, emotional struggles, emotional trauma, neurotic behavior patterns, selfdestructive behavior patterns, personality disorders, or ongoing relationship issues, may benefit from psychoanalytic therapy Free association – uses spontaneous word association. The client says whatever first comes to mind when the therapist says a word. Dream analysis – uncovers repressed feelings that may be hidden in symbols that appear in the client’s dreams. The therapist helps the client discover the meaning and significance of those symbols. Transference analysis - explores the transfer of the client’s feelings and emotions from one person to another. Resistance - loosely defined as a client's unwillingness to

Therapist-patient relationship - central to the healing process

Client-centered therapy – aka “person-centered therapy”/”Rogerian therapy”; non-directive form of talk therapy that was developed by humanist psychologist Carl Rogers Carl Rogers - one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th-century; humanist thinker and believed that people are fundamentally good. Suggested that people have an actualizing tendency, or a desire to fulfill their potential and become the best people that they can be; initially started out calling his technique non-directive therapy. By using the term client instead, Rogers emphasized the importance of the individual in seeking assistance, controlling their destiny, and overcoming their difficulties. 3 Key qualities of client-centered therapist 1.

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Genuineness - therapist needs to share his or her feelings honestly. By modeling this behavior, the therapist can help teach the client to also develop this important skill. Unconditional Positive Regard - therapist must accept the client for who they are and display support and care no matter what the client is facing or experiencing. Empathetic Understanding - therapist needs to be reflective, acting as a mirror of the client's feelings and thoughts. The goal of this is to allow the client to gain a clearer understanding of their own inner thoughts, perceptions, and emotions.

Adlerian Therapy - short-term, goal-oriented, and positive psychodynamic therapy based on the theories of Alfred Adler. Focuses on the development of individual personality while understanding and accepting the interconnectedness of all humans; Evidence-based approach that can be applied successfully in the treatment of any type of psychological disorder or mental illness Adler - focused on feelings of inferiority versus superiority, discouragement, and a sense of belonging in the context of one’s community. Feelings of inferiority can result in neurotic behavior but, in the right setting, can also be used as motivation to strive for greater success Adlerian therapeutic process - seeks to change clients’ “doing,” “viewing,” and invoke their strengths, assets, and abilities 4 stages of Adlerian therapy 1.

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Engagement - creating a collaborative relationship with your therapist Assessment - of your personal history, with an emphasis on birth order and early childhood memories Insight - therapist helps you view your situation from a different perspective Reorientation - therapist suggests active steps you can take outside of therapy to reinforce newly developed insights and perhaps learn even more about yourself

Core tenets of Adlerian therapy - individual behavior must be explored within the context of a client’s sense of “fitting in” with their community

discuss a particular topic in therapy.

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Acting ‘as if’ - ask clients to begin acting as if they were already the person they would like to be; Counselors emphasize that the clients are only acting; purpose of the procedure is to bypass potential resistance to change Reflecting ‘as if’ - integration of Adlerian and constructive counseling ideas; having clinicians ask clients to take a reflective step back prior to stepping forward to act “as if”; This process encourages clients to reflect on how they would be different if they were acting “as if” they were who they desire to be.

RAI Phase 1 – ask questions like “If you were more like what you want to be…” RAI Phase 2 – the client and therapist co-construct a list of ‘as if’ behaviors that are indicative of how the client will act as he moves toward his or her desired goals; he then ranks the as if behaviors from least difficult to most difficult. RAI Phase 3-I - the client selects two of the least difficult behaviors to begin enacting RAI Phase 3-II - the client(s) and therapist discuss the enactment of the as if behaviors selected for the previous week RAI Phase 3-III - As the client attempts the more difficult tasks on his or her ‘as if’ behavior list, it is crucial that the therapist use encouragement to help him or her frame success. 4.

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Techniques Catching Oneself - Encouraging clients to recognize behaviors contributing to their presenting problem(s) on their own; involves helping clients identify the signals or triggers associated with their problematic behavior; When triggers are identified, clients can then make decisions that stop their symptoms from overwhelming them

Spitting in the soup - process of interpreting goals in order to facilitate change; Assist the client in recognizing possible behavioral intentions they may previously have been unaware of that are not consistent with conscious goals Helps client to gain a. Power over their process b. Ability to make intentional decisions c. Freedom to choose future directions d. A recognition of potentially futile behavior Push button - seeks to interrupt a depression and help clients become aware of their role in maintaining, or even creating, their unpleasant feelings; originally developed for working with clients struggling with depression

Recalling a pleasant memory – close eyes and recall a pleasant memory. Focus on positive feelings. Clients lift a finger to indicate they are finished Recalling an unpleasant memory – same as earlier but recall unpleasant memory. Phase 3-a Recalling another pleasant memory asked to retrieve another very pleasant memory, or return to the one used in phase one. Afterwards, open eyes Phase 3-b Processing the exercise - asked to share what they learned from the exercise; usually make the connection between beliefs and feelings; If clients fail to make this connection, you should help them

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Phase 3-c Pushbutton homework - give clients two make-believe pushbuttons to take for a homework assignment; pushbuttons control the images clients create; pushbuttons affirm that feelings and/or behaviors are typically a choice

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOTHERAPY (ppt) Counseling and Psychotherapy Course Description The course provides the idea and knowledge of counseling and psychotherapy. It is concerned with the understanding of the individual and the principles, techniques, methods and strategies of counseling and psychotherapy. To assist the individuals in making intelligent choices and adjustment to his/her environment and society is also a major concern of the course. Course Objective It is expected at the end of the course, the students should be able to have a clear concept of counseling and psychotherapy. Likewise students should have the understanding of the working principles, techniques, methods and strategies behind counseling and psychotherapy. It is also expected that students gain rich experience on psychological counseling and psychotherapy through actual application or simulation. Philosophical Foundation of Theories Theoretical models for counseling have their own origins in the values and beliefs of person who in turn, have converted these into a philosophy and a theoretical model for counseling. These values and beliefs form a rationale for what one does, how one does it, and under what circumstance. It predicts probable outcomes for different sets of conditions. Theory summarizes the information base on philosophy and draws conclusion. ….theories provides guidelines that have been tested by experienced counselors. They explain behaviors. They may predict desirable or undesirable outcomes in given circumstances. (Gibson & Mitchell, 2003) Philosophy has asked significant questions that led to understanding of what a human being is and how he/she must be handled. This is why Philosophy is a very important foundation of Guidance Counseling. Materialism believed that humans were entirely physical. Determinist asserted that all human choices were determined by the laws of nature. Rationalism emphasized that reasons, innate ideas, and deductions guide knowledge. Empiricism underscored that experience was the source of knowledge. Positivism concentrated on natural phenomena or facts that were objectively observable. Existentialism focused on the uniqueness of human beings and highlighted this as the only reality. Every counseling practitioner should have a philosophy of human beings and how their problems evolve in order to establish a philosophy of helping. The goals that should be pursued, the role that the counselors should play, the techniques that could be employed, and the steps that must be taken must be based on such a philosophy and must then be a part of one’s Counseling Philosophy. (Villar, 2009) Counseling versus Psychotherapy RA 9258, Article 1 Sec. 3 (a): Guidance and Counseling Is a profession that involves the use of an integrated approach to the development of a wellfunctioning individual primarily by helping him/her to utilize his/her potentials to the fullest and plan his/her future in accordance with his/her abilities,

understand that certain thoughts usually generate certain types of feelings.

interests, and needs. It includes functions such as counseling subjects, particularly subjects given in...