Purposive Communication from Module 1 - Module 5 PDF

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MODULE 1. THE BASICS OF COMMUNICATIONLearning Outcomes At the end of this module, the students should be able to:  demonstrate an understanding of the key ideas in language and communication;  discuss the principles of communication and their ethical implications;  demonstrate how to communicate ...

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MODULE 1. THE BASICS OF COMMUNICATION Learning Outcomes At the end of this module, the students should be able to:  demonstrate an understanding of the key ideas in language and communication;  discuss the principles of communication and their ethical implications;  demonstrate how to communicate effectively with different kinds of people in multicultural settings and context;  distinguish verbal communication from non-verbal communication; and  discuss the varieties and register of spoken and written English. Module Overview Welcome to Module 1! This module introduces you to the world of language, the basics of communication and communication in multicultural settings. This contains key ideas in language and communication, coupled with activities and video presentations that will engage and orient you to the basics of communication. Also, it lays the foundation of language for effective communication skills, which is vital to becoming successful in your personal and professional lives. For better understanding, Module 1 explains the relationship between culture and communication, and v arieties and registers of English, both in spoken and in written forms. It also discusses the importance of understanding how various contexts, cultural diversity, and the advent of technology shape and influence the way people communicate in the global community. This module contains activities and video presentation to better appreciate and apply the concepts, and later on accomplish the succeeding activities and exercises.

WEEK 1 Allotted Time: 9 hours You will spend 9 hours in this module. Below are the details of the content and the estimated time of completion. PART OF THE MODULE

Pre-discussion Activity : Video Presentation Discussion:

Lecture Notes and Video Comments and Question

Summary and Conclusion Scheduled Consultation Assessment Activity: Quiz Total Hours

ESTIMATED TIME OF COMPLETION

30 minutes 4 hours 1 hour 30 minutes 1 hour 2 hours 9 hours

M1. Video Presentation

Video Presentation (Optional) Let’s Begin… All animals communicate, but do they have language? Michele Bishop details the four specific qualities we associate with language and investigates whether or not certain animals utilize some or all of those qualities to communicate. https://ed.ted.com/lessons/do-animals-have-language-michele-bishop No submission on Canvas is required for this activity.

M1. Lecture Notes & Video

PART 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKK7wGAYP6k&t=8s Definition of Language

The world is shrinking rapidly today. Advances in information technology, scientific knowledge and applications have transformed a sprawling earth into a global village. People of various cultures and nationalities now meet, interact, trade, and socialize with ease on a daily basis. Making this possible is the use of a common language. What is Language? Language is purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols (Sapir, 1921, as cited in Madrunio & Martin, 2018). It is a system of communication by sound, operating through the organs of speech, among members of a given community, and using vocal symbols possessing arbitrary conventional meaning (Pei, 1966, as cited in Madrunio & Martin, 2018). Language is the ability to produce and comprehend both spoken and written (and in the case of sign language, signed) words. Understanding how language works means reaching across many branches of psychology—everything from basic neurological functioning to high-level cognitive processing. Language shapes our social interactions and brings order to our lives. Complex language is one of the defining factors that make us human. Linguists agree that a language can only be called a language, if it has a system of rules (also known as grammar), a sound system (phonology) and a vocabulary (lexicon). These are the requirements for identifying a means of communication as a language, therefore it is an exclusively human condition. Other species definitely do communicate through movements and sounds, but they are definitely not in the same class as humans. When people use language, they can understand each other because they belong to the same speech community. They can interact to each

other because in their speech community, people share the same set of rules in the language system. While growing up, people acquire the languages used by those in the community. This is the process of language acquisition, which is the process of building the ability to understand a language, using it to communicate with others. The language acquired growing up is known as first language (also called as mother tongue or native language). A first language is the language a person has learned from birth or within the critical period, or that a person speaks the best and so is often the basis for sociolinguistic identity. In some countries, the terms native language or mother tongue refer to the language of one's ethnic group rather than one's first language. Sometimes, there can be more than one mother tongue, those children are usually called bilingual. By contrast, a second language is a language that a person learns in addition to his or her first language. It may be learned in a formal or informal way, such as at school or in a family, and this active process is called language learning. People learn languages as they use them to communicate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences and establish relationships with family members and friends. For example, a student may come to school speaking more than one language, or learn another language in school. In their early years, children develop language informally. Language development is continuous and recursive. Students enhance their language learning by using what they know in new and more complex contexts. Finally, language is a tool that enables people to communicate, express needs and wants, issue directives, create and produce through our own tongue. PART 2 WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? The term communication comes from the Latin word “communicare” – which means to share something in common, to unite, to join, or to have things in common. It is a process by which people send messages or exchange ideas or thoughts with one another in a verbal or nonverbal manner. Speech Communication is a process of transmitting information, thought or feeling from one person to another through spoken words. Nonverbal Communication is receiving and transmitting information, thought or feeling without the use of words. Communication skills are important to everyone-they are how we give and receive information and convey our ideas and opinions with those around us. Communication comes in many forms: -verbal (sounds, language, and tone of voice)

-aural (listening and hearing) -non-verbal (facial expressions, body language, and posture) -written (journals, emails, blogs, and text messages) -visual (signs, symbols, and pictures) ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION The term communication process refers to the exchange of information (a message) between two or more people. For communication to succeed, both parties must be able to exchange information and understand each other. If the flow of information is blocked for some reason or the parties cannot make themselves understood, then communication fails. Sender The communication process begins with the sender, who is also called the communicator or source. The sender has some kind of information—a command, request, or idea —that he or she wants to share with others. In order for that message to be received, the sender must first encode the message in a form that can be understood and then transmit it. Receiver The person to whom a message is directed is called the receiver or the interpreter. In order to comprehend the information from the sender, the receiver must first be able to receive the sender's information and then decode or interpret it. Message The message or content is the information that the sender wants to relay to the receiver. It is relayed between the parties. Put all three together and you have the communication process as its most basic. Medium Also called the channel, the medium is the means by which a message is transmitted. Text messages, for example, are transmitted through the medium of cell phones. Feedback The communication process reaches its final point when the message has been successfully transmitted, received, and understood. The receiver, in turn, responds to the sender, indicating comprehension. Feedback may be direct, such as a written or verbal response, or it may take the form of an act or deed in response. Encoding It is the process of turning thoughts into communication. The encoder uses a ‘medium’ to send the message — a phone call, email, text message, face-to-face meeting, or other communication tool. The level of conscious thought that goes into encoding messages may vary. The encoder should also take into account any ‘noise’ that might interfere with his or her message, such as other messages, distractions, or influences. Decoding It is the process of turning communication into thoughts. For example, you may realize you’re hungry and encode the following message to send to your roommate: “I’m hungry. Do you want to get pizza tonight?” As your roommate receives the message, he or she decodes your communication and turns it back into thoughts to make meaning.

COMMUNICATION PROCESS The communication process is best described through discussion of different communication models. In simple terms, model means a systematic description of a phenomenon or abstract process. The common models of communication that have been utilized over the years are as follows: 1. LINEAR MODEL Also called the transmission model, a linear model is based on the assumption that communication is transmitted in a straightforward manner- from a sender to a receiver. This clearly reflects that communication is a one-way process. a. ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL This communication model represents communication as an orator to a large audience. The speaker plays an important role in communication. Aristotle emphasized that there are three variables in the communication process: speaker, speech, and audience as illustrated in the communication flow below: Speaker

Speech

Audience

b. LASWELL’S COMMUNICATION MODEL This communication model was developed by communication theorist Harold D. Lasswell in 1948. This model was summed up and can be understood by answering the five questions: Who, Says what, In which channel, To whom, With what effect.

Who

Says what

In which channel

c. SHANNON AND WEAVER’S MODEL

To whom

With what effect

Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver broadly defined communication as “all of the procedures by which one mind may affect another.” Their communication model consisted of an information source: the source’s message, a transmitter, and a signal; and a receiver: the receiver’s message, and a destination. This model is specially designed to improve the technical communication. Later it’s widely applied in the field of communication. Furthermore, there is also concept of noise included in the model, which goes through the channel and renders the message more difficult to understand by the receiver.

Information source Sender

Transmitter Encoder

Channer

Destination Receiver

Reception Decoder

Noise 2. INTERACTIVE MODEL This model is in contrast with the linear one, which considers communication flowing only in one direction, from a sender to a receiver (Gronbeck, 1999, Madrunio and Martin, 2018). In this model, communication is a two-way process, which involves an exchange or an interaction between the sender and the receiver.

MESSAGE

ENCODER SOURCE DECODER

DECODER SOURCE ENCODER

FEEDBACK

PART 3 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION Effective communication is a connection between people that allows for the exchange of thoughts, feelings, and ideas, and leads to mutual understanding. This

exchange is evidenced when a speaker sends a message to which a listener responds. It seems simple, but it isn’t. People tend to take the communication process for granted. We generally figure that the communication between two or more people is no big deal. It just works. However, the reality is very different—the process of communication is actually impressively complex. It is important that you learn the different principles which serve as guides in the practice and continuous improvement of your communication skills. 1. Communication is transactional It is a two-way process which involves an exchange of thoughts and ideas. Every message consists of content and feeling. The content is what the message is about based on the words used. The feeling connected to the content is expressed through nonverbal cues—body language/gestures, facial expression, tone of voice/inflection, and voice volume. Whenever there are discrepancies between a message’s content and feeling, confusion is created for the listener —especially if the content and feeling seem to contradict each other. A classic example of this is when one person tells another “I’m not mad at you” (the content) in a loud angry voice (the tone of voice/feeling). Such a communication cannot help but results in a certain degree of confusion. 2. Communication is inevitable It is impossible to not communicate. All actions—both intentional and unintentional—communicate certain messages. For example, deliberately ignoring someone is not “not communicating.” Quite the contrary (as you know if you’ve been on the receiving end), this action sends a strong message. Another is, when the moment you wake up, you already start communicating by merely thinking of how your day will look like. 3. Communication is goal-oriented When you communicate, you have goals in mind. You do not just say something or write a message on a piece of paper for no reason at all. To persuade; to entertain; to inform; to express one’s feeling, ideas, or emotions; to build and maintain relationships; and to influence others are some of the purposes of communication. 4. Communication has various levels The various levels of communication are: a. Intrapersonal Communication- It is the knowledge of and communication with oneself (introspection-mental/symbolic processing of information without the benefit of getting the opinion of others). Focus – ways in which we process stimuli, our ability to make sense out of our experiences, to remember, to retrieve information from memory, and to create messages. b. Interpersonal Communication- It is the interaction (speaking and listening/switching of roles) between two people or relatively small group. It determines our relationships with others and who we are.

2 kinds of Interpersonal Communication: 1. Dyadic – communication between two individuals 2. Small group – interaction of three or more persons which permits the dialogical participation of each person. c. Extended Communication- It involves the use of electronic media. The description of extended communication may be expanded as to include television, audio, or phone conferencing; videoconferencing; Skype calls; other technological means. Language used may be formal or informal. d. Organizational Communication- A system of communication should be put in place. A set of rules or standards for communication protocol should be made clear so that interaction patterns are established. There are two types of organizational structure: 1. Formal Structure- It allows the communication to take place via designated channels of message flow between positions in the organization. Four (4) approaches a. downward communication - is the type that flows from upper to lower position. Examples: president to manager or supervisor a manager to an ordinary staff b. upward communication – is the type that flows from lower to upper position. Examples: subordinates to superior students to teacher c. horizontal communication- is lateral in approach as it takes place among people belonging to the same level but coming from different departments. d. crosswise communication- is diagonal in nature as employees from different units or departments working at various levels communicate to each other. 2. Informal Structure- It comes from unofficial channels of message flow. Also known as 'grapevine,' messages coming from different levels of organization are transmitted. This occurs due to dissatisfaction of some employees accompanied by uncertainty, such as superiors playing favorites and unfavorable or unacceptable company rules and regulations.

5. Communication is complex You may perceive communication as simply sending a text message, talking over the phone, or using hand gestures. However, communication is so complex that it entails a lot of processes which can occur simultaneously or successively.

6. Communication can be learned Despite the complexity of communication, it is a skill which can be learned. You can incorporate the seven Cs of communication to ensure you’re communicating in the most clear and effective way possible. CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION (7Cs) Completeness Effective communications are complete, i.e., the receiver gets all the information he or she needs to process the message and take action. A complete message reduces the need for follow-up questions and smoothens the communication process. Conciseness Conciseness is about keeping your message to a point. This is more about the content of your message rather than its length. Even a short memo can include irrelevant or redundant information. Conciseness helps the receiver focus on what’s important, speeds up the processing of information and caters for improved understanding. Consideration Effective communication takes into account the receiver’s background and points of view. If your message hits a nerve or sounds as disrespectful, the emotional reaction of the receiver might affect the perception of your message. Also, tailoring your message to your audience – e.g., by using argumentations and examples which are relevant to their experience – makes it easier for them to process the contents. Concreteness A concrete message is specific, tangible, vivid. It’s supported by facts and figures for enhanced credibility. It helps your audience gain an overview of the broader picture. Concreteness mitigates the risk of misunderstanding, fosters trust and encourages constructive criticism. Courtesy Courtesy and consideration complement each other in effective communications. Courtesy means respecting the receiver’s culture, values and beliefs – i.e., crafting a message that is genuinely polite and unbiased. Clarity

The clearer your message, the easier it gets for the receiver to decode it according to your original intent. While this sounds obvious, most communication pitfalls originate from lack of clarity. Want to deliver an effective message? Start with a clear communication goal and accurate thoughts. Clear communications build on exact terminology and concrete words, to reduce ambiguities and confusion in the communication process. Correctness Correct grammar and syntax vouch for increased effectiveness and credibility of your message. Formal errors might affect the clarity of your message, trigger ambiguity and raise doubts. They might also have a negative impact on the overall perception of the message, which could be seen as sloppy or negligent. 7. Communication is relational In any communication setting, aside from sharing meaning, the process how meaning is created also echoes two vital aspects of relationships of the communicators: immediacy and control. Immediacy is the degree of liking or attractiveness in a relationship and control, on the other hand, is the degree which one participant shows dominance or power.

8. Communication is guided by culture Culture maybe defined as system of knowledge shared by a relatively large group ...