PYB159 Lecture 01 PDF

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Week 1 Topic:

Colette Roos and John Kelly Unit overview Brief History of Drug Use in Australia

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I acknowledge the Traditional Owners of the lands where QUT now stands, pay respect to their Elders - past, present and emerging – and acknowledge the important role Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people continue to play within the QUT community.

www.reconciliation.qut.edu.au

Unit Coordinator:

Dr Colette Roos

Lecturers:

John Kelly Dan Phillips

Email Contacts:

[email protected] [email protected]

What is this unit all about? • Introduction to alcohol and drugs (AOD) with a focus on trends, patterns of use and drug-related harm in Australia • Knowledge of AOD policies in Australia • Understanding theories of prevention and treatment of AOD use • Identifying subgroups within the Australian population and discussing relevant issues for these groups • Introduction to treatment issues, including dual diagnosis, specialist interventions and familial and social factors

Aims and objectives To introduce students to theories of prevention, treatment and intervention models used to treat substance abuse and dependence. 1. Understanding of theories and models of prevention and treatment for alcohol and other drug problems 2. Understanding of the process of change and the key components of effective treatment and prevention programs 3. Compare the treatment options available to individuals seeking treatment for alcohol and other drug problems, and be able to outline the costs and benefits of each form of treatment 4. Understanding of issues impacting on effective treatment and prevention programs such as dual diagnosis 5. Experience in applying theories and models of prevention and harm minimisation to target alcohol use towards target populations

Unit Outline 2019 Week & Date

TOPIC

1 27/2

Introduction and History of drug use in Australia

2 5/3

REQUIRED READING / AT HOME ACTIVITY

LECTURER

Ritter, King and Hamilton Chapter 1, p. 3 -26 APS Perspectives of Substance Use (pages 1-14, the Introduction)

John Kelly

Drug policy and harm minimisation

Ritter, King & Hamilton, Chapter 5, p. 99 -132

John Kelly

3 12/03

Types of drug use, patterns and action

Hamilton, King & Ritter, Chapter 2, p. 17 -32

Dan Phillips

4 19/03

Theories of drug use

Connor (2011) p. 161 -165 Hamilton, King & Ritter, Chapter 6 p. 75-88

John Kelly

5 26/03

Prevention and Determinants

6 2/04 7 9/04

Principles of effective treatment: Ethical considerations

Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A research based guide. (NIDA), www.drugabuse.gov/PubCat/PubsIndex.html

Dan Phillips

ONLINE ACTIVITY – NO FACE-TO-FACE LECTURE Dual diagnosis

9 1/5 Friday

Croton (2010) chapter 19 – Dual Diagnosis

Dan Phillips

REMINDER ESSAY DUE TODAY

10 7/05

Substance over lifespan & Specific population groups

11 14/05

Facilitating change

12 21/05 13 28/05

Dan Phillips

MID-SEMESTER EXAM HELD IN CLASS TIME

8 23/04 9 30/4

Soole (2008)

John Kelly Schulte & Hser (2014) Prochaska, DiClemente & Norcross (1992). Miller & Arkowitz (2015) PANEL DISCUSSION John Kelly

Specialist interventions and review

Carroll (2012) p. 1031-1033

Readings There are readings that you are expected to read for that lecture. These are mainly provided via QUT Readings. Some will be provided via internet links. Recommended: APS Perspectives in Psychology: Substance Use, Introduction. Access at: QUT Readings Shakespeare-Finch, J. (2020). A Guide to Formatting in Psychology (3rd ed.). Pearson Education.

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Assessment – Mid semester exam Mid-semester examination (25%) • To be held during the lecture time 02 April 2020 • Objectives 1 & 2 • Multiple choice questions • All aspects of the unit from the first five weeks of semester will be examinable.

Assessment – Essay 2000 word essay (40%) • Academic standards apply • Marking criteria sheet will be provided • Opportunities to discuss essay question after each lecture • Assessment policy: – Upload to Turnitin via Blackboard by 11:59pm 1 May 2020 – Academic integrity – Turnitin – Extensions – requests must be made before the due date (see Week One document for details) – Late policy: work submitted after the due date without an approved extension will normally not be marked and will receive a grade of 1 or 0%. Refer to Student Gateway https://www.student.qut.edu.au/studying/assessment/extension – Word limits apply

QUT cite|write Your introductory guide to citing, referencing and academic writing at QUT. PDF is available free online from Library home page

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Find workshops that will help you improve your researching and referencing skills. qut.to/academicsupport

Chat online with a QUT librarian from wherever you are! Available 9am – 8pm Monday - Friday qut.to/ujv9e

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Short how-to videos on essential research, referencing & library skills. https://tinyurl.com/yxhpy4e 4

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Get one-on-one assistance with more complex research or referencing queries. Ask HiQ about library drop-ins and appointments. qut.to/abouthiq

Assessment – Final exam End semester exam (35%) • Multiple choice and short answer questions. • All aspects from Weeks 7 to 13 will be examinable. • Held during the examination period • Objectives 1,2, 3 & 4

Note: Final grades for this subject will be moderated to comply with Faculty guidelines for result distribution. Cut-offs for each Grade Level may be varied to ensure that the normal grade distribution between result clusters are used where-ever possible.

Final points & housekeeping • Attendance • Professional and ethical conduct • Retention of work samples • Non-discriminatory language • Health and safety

Using GoSoapBox • 1) Log onto WiFi with your • 2) Use your browser smartphone, laptop or (Explorer, Safari, tablet through QUT using etc) to find: your username and password. • App.gosoapbox.com – You may already be logged on. – Make sure you have this symbol

– If you don’t, it will still work but you will be using your data PYB159 – Alcohol and Other Drug Studies

App.gosoapbox.com • Type PYB159 2020 into Access Code

PYB159 – Alcohol and Other Drug Studies

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PYB159 – Alcohol and Other Drug Studies

Assessment – Essay question • Media has reported that Australia is in the "grips of an Ice Epidemic". • Develop a position statement either in support of or in opposition to this assertion, including reviewing the current evidence on the prevalence (usage) rates, harms and issues relating to the use of ice (methamphetamines) in Australia.

What we are looking for? • • • • •

Logical argument & flow of information Back your arguments up with evidence Critically evaluate the research Interpret the research – don’t just repeat it Aim for current and Australian research (if possible), comparing Australia to the rest of the world • Base your research on journal articles rather than books or web sites • Minimum of 10 references

Essay outline Abstract (1 paragraph – 200 words or less) Informative Summary of Essay • • • • •

Don’t forget it! Write it last On page of it’s own, after title page No need for references Rough Guide - 4 sentences: 1. 2. 3. 4.

General overview of topic State argument Summarise methods used to support argument Give conclusion

Essay outline Introduction (1 paragraph) Say what you are going to say • • • • •

Brief statement of topic area Brief overview of major arguments Propose your argument – make sure your topic is clear Can outline your essay structure (not essential) Give reader clear sense of what they are about to read – “Sets the scene”

Essay outline Body Say it • Present argument in logical sequence – Each paragraph should be a new point that follows on from last

• Critically evaluate and interpret the evidence – Question the evidence presented – Seek evidence to support theories

• • • •

Link evidence to your argument Formal & concise language (say it briefly if you can) Not in first person (e.g. Avoid “I think…”) Outline your understanding of the subject using examples and your own words to summarise

Essay outline Conclusion Tell us what you’ve said • Recap major points • Summarise your argument from information in the body of your essay – No new information • Show how you have supported your argument • Outline any limitations • Future directions • Try to end on a strong and convincing point

Essay outline Do’s • • •

• •

• •

Don’ts

Check grammar and spelling Proof read final draft Include appropriate, credible references from professional

•

sources Keep to word length Hand it in on time (strict penalties apply) Reference appropriately Stay on topic

•

• • •

Plagiarism Use personal opinion Use footnotes or appendices Use quotes

Use web sites or newspapers as references • Rely on one reference too heavily

Referencing Academic standards apply - APS format Surname, Initial. (year). Title of article. Name of Journal, volume number, page numbers. Example: Richter, K.,& Bammer, G. (2016). A hierarchy of strategies heroin-using mothers employ to reduce harm their children. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 19, 403-413. Consult: Shakespeare-Finch, J. (2020). A Guide to Formatting in Psychology (3rd ed.). Pearson Education.

Week 1: Lecturer: References:

Brief History of Drug Use in Australia John Kelly Ritter, King and Hamilton (1, p 3-26) APS. Perspectives of Substance Use (p 1-14)

Who is a typical drug user?

Influences – Media – Film, television, music – Personal experience – Other peoples attitudes – Myths – Family history

Brief history of substance use & its regulation Drug use is not a recent phenomenon • • • •

Alcohol consumption - at least 8000 years Tobacco - thousands of years Opium - 7000 years ago in Mesopotamia Hallucinogen use – 9000 years?

Brief history of substance use & regulation • Historically drugs have ritualistic, ceremonial or medicinal uses

• Usage and trends have changed over time

• Animals use drugs too

•

BCC Animals: Velvet monkeys

Brief history of AOD in Australia • Aboriginal people had limited contact with psychoactive substances – some plant-based stimulants and depressants • First Fleet: medicines, drugs and hemp seeds for protection “warm climates and tropical diseases” • Early governments actively supported the growing of hemp – land and other grants – popular as a medicine – used as an intoxicant by members of the literati

• Drug use in the late 1800s was mainly opium and cocainebased stimulants – used by doctors / nurses, the middle-upper class, housewives (for depression + menstrual pain)

– and then later by Chinese immigrants.

• Alcohol – Heavy drinking has been a ‘cultural norm’ since colonisation. – 1808: Rum Rebellion – 1830s: ‘the Temperance Movement’ peaking during World War I/Great Depression • Prohibition in states of Australia • 1837, laws were passed to prevent Aboriginal access to alcohol – “six o'clock swill”

• Alcohol – Heavy drinking has been a ‘cultural norm’ since colonisation.

• Alcohol – Heavy drinking has been a ‘cultural norm’ since colonisation. – 1808: Rum Rebellion – 1830s: ‘the Temperance Movement’ peaking during World War I/Great Depression • Prohibition in states of Australia • 1837, laws were passed to prevent Aboriginal access to alcohol – “six o'clock swill”

•

SA 1938: Opposition to changes in hotel hours prior to referendum

• Until the 1890’s dangerous substances were covered under the Poisons Acts of each colony • Australia’s first laws prohibiting certain drug use came in – 1905 Immigration Act – Followed by laws against giving opium to Aboriginal people (except under urgent medical circumstances).

• 1938: cannabis was outlawed “New Drug that Maddens Victims” • “Reefer Madness” campaign (1936-39) • Perception of a significant social problem • New drug control laws were enacted (State and Federal)

• Up until the late 1960’s, few law enforcement resources were devoted to policing drug laws • 1960 and 70’s saw an increase in illicit drug use (heroin, cannabis, LSD) – Part of political/social opposition to the Vietnam War – Drug trafficking developed - US servicemen on leave local drug markets expanded to meet their requirements. – Growing financial capacity and an increase in young people affected by unemployment. – Most Australian states moved to a prohibitionist and criminal-justice orientation – Nixon's War on Drugs in America – Royal Commissions

•

• 1970/80’s Australian drug policy mirrored the tough on drugs approach of the US – Penalties raised etc… • Australian policy conforming with international approaches - Great Britain and USA • Increasing stigmatization of illegal drugs and those who used them • 1985: Policy of ‘harm-minimisation’ introduced – Some criticism that it is overshadowed by a strongly prohibitionist agenda (“One pillar and two toothpicks”).

• Policy maintains a strong tough on drugs approach

“Contemporary” drug use LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) • 1938: Switzerland • 1950’s: Used to treat alcoholism, depression and obsessive disorders • US Military studies • 1960’s: Listed as a dangerous drug • Became popular with the youth counter-culture and this continues today

Ecstasy MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine) • 1912: First made in Germany • 1950’s: US military experimentation • 1970’s: Used clinically to successfully treat emotional disorders • 1985: Made illegal in the US • Very popular in the UK rave scene in the late 1980’s • Remains part of youth culture today • Contradictions in the depiction of ecstasy in both mainstream and youthfocussed media

Emerging Psychoactive substances • New substances have been developed, which mimic already illegal drugs but circumvent drug laws • Herbal, incense, not for human consumption • There is an ever increasing range - often online • Causing significant difficulties for services – Ever changing – Little known about potential risks – Testing (metabolites)

European Commission (2012), EMCDDA–Europol 2011 Annual Report on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances Brussels, EMCDDA

Current situation • AOD use continues – – – – –

stable levels prescription medication ‘Ice epidemic’ Steroids EPS

Current situation

• Illegal status of substances – – – –

Increased detection Increased penalties Diversion Programs Changing legislation EPS

• Ongoing harms to individuals, families and communities

Alcohol issues: • • • •

“One punch” Binge drinking Lock out laws Change age of use laws?

•

Tobacco – Plain packaging – Increased taxes – Increased restrictions on places of use e.g. venues, vehicles

• Ambivalence towards cannabis – Total prohibition – Partial decriminalisation – Medicinal use

Brief history of substance use & regulation • Why the shift from use to abuse? – Need to control perceived social harms – Drug use defined as ‘problematic’ and socially disruptive

• Governments have played a role in the manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs – No large scale regulation of substances till 20th Century

– War on drugs’ declared by President Nixon in 1971 – Competing interests including health and social consequences, political interests, and financial revenue

7 themes common to drug wars Morgan et al. (1988)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

The notion of public menace Political interests Increased criminal justice response Influence of media coverage Portrayal of drug use as infectious The need to protect vulnerable target groups e.g. women and young people 7. Aggressive, militaristic terminology

Summary • Substance use has long been a part of human history • Personal beliefs, experiences and moral perspectives often “over ride” the evidence base • Australian laws largely politically driven • Significant economic burden • Conflict between ‘War on drugs’ verses ‘harm minimisation’ • Every changing ‘landscape’ e.g. emerging psychoactive drugs, medicinal cannabis trials, ice epidemic...