Questions for Final Speech Exam PDF

Preview

Summary

Download Questions for Final Speech Exam PDF

Description

!

Questions Pre Quiz!

What is Dyslexia?! Deficit in reading.!

!

What is Dysphagia?! Deficit in swallowing!

!

What is Dysgraphia?! Deficit in writing!

!

What are some dysgraphia error types?! Semantic errors (change of word to similar thought i.e table —> chair)! Phonologically plausible error (i.e Table —-> taybull)! Morphological error (using the wrong tense or plurals incorrectly i.e table —> tables)!

!

What is a phoneme?! A distinct unit of sound that is specific to a language!

!

What is phonology?! The study and create of sound formation!

!

What is phonation?! The creation of sound through the vibration of the vocal cords!

!

What is respiration?! Inhaling !

!

What is aspiration?! A condition in which food, liquids, saliva or vomit is breathed into the airway!

!

What is morphology?! The morphing of two phonemes (sounds) to create a new meaning; i.e changing tense or using plurals!

!

What is morphophonemic contrasts?! The changes in production as a result of morphological changes! i.e derive and derivative !

!

Name the typical categories for articulation disorders.! Submission, Omission, Addition, Distortion!

!

What does prosody mean?! The rhythm and patterns of natural speech. This includes stress on words to change meaning.!

!

What is intonation?! The pitch movement within an utterance!

!

What is an example of an articulation disorder?! Lips!

!

What is an example of a fluency disorder?! Stutter!

!

What can cause voice disorder?! Functioning - caused by bad habits and use of the voice. Psychoneuroses or personality disorders. Muscular tension disorders. Smoking/drinking, talking too fast without pausing, excessive throat cleaning, excessive coughing, abusive singing practices, excessing use without rest, speaking loudly or screaming. !

! !

Organic - physical abnormality in the structure at varies sites of the vocal tract. Cancer, laryngeal web, contact ulcer! Psychogenic - physical symptoms are not linked to any previously mentioned causes. Usually the client will believe that the disorder is organic in origin. !

!

What is Dysarthria?! A neuromuscular deficit that affects the muscles ability to create speech.!

!

What are the types of Dysarthria?! Flaccid, Spastic, Ataxic, Hyperkinetic, Hypokinetic, and mixed dysarthria!

!

What does lesion mean?! A region in an organ or tissue that has suffered damage!

!

What are the four core sub-systems for speech?! Respiration (breath), phonation (sound), articulation (lips, tongue, teeth, palate), and resonance. !

!

What is congenital and what is acquired?! Congenital are disorders presented from birth (CP) whilst acquired are a result from illness, accident, or environmental circumstances (PD/ALS)!

!

What is developmental?! A disorder that emerges in the first few years of life.!

!

What is the colloquial term for the larynx?! Voice box!

!

What is the colloquial term for trachea?! Windpipe!

!

What is the colloquial term for the thorax?! Chest!

!

What is the colloquial term for thyroid prominence?! Adam’s apple!

!

What are the placements of articulation?! Bilabial (bottom lip and top lip), Labio -Dental (bottom lip and teeth), Inter-Dental (tongue between teeth), Alveolar (tongue and the alveolar ridge), Post alveolar (back of alveolar ridge), Palatal Alveorlar (tongue further back of the alveolar ridge), Palatal (tongue and hard palate), Velar (tongue and soft palate), Glottal (vocal cords)!

!

What is CAS?! Childhood apraxia of speech!

!

What is MLU?! Mean length of utterance!

!

What is a Morpheme?! The smallest grammatical unit of meaning within a language.!

!

What is a free morpheme and what is a bound morpheme?! A free morpheme is a word that can stand alone and still have meaning. The bound morpheme is attached to the free morpheme to change the meaning of the word - they cannot stand alone. ! i.e cat —> free morpheme (one morpheme) / cat s—> free morpheme and bound morpheme (2 morphemes)!

!

What is preservation?! The inappropriate repetition of a previous response when that response s not needed!

!

What is critical literacy?! The readers ability to actively interpret between the lines. !

!

What is dynamic literacy?! The readers ability to interrelate the content to other knowledge through both deductive and inductive reasoning.!

!

What are the three components of language?! Form, Content, and Use!

!

What are those sub-headings?! Form - Syntax, morphology, phonology! Content - semantics! Use - pragmatics !

!

What is AAC?! Augmentative and Alternative Communication!

!

What is the difference between a speech disorder and a communication disorder?! Communication disorder is the inability for a person to convey and or participate in an exchange of meaningful information, whereas speech disorder is a impairment of some description to the fundaments of speech; articulation, voice, fluency. !

!

What is aphasia?! An impairment due to a localised brain injury that affects the comprehension, retrieval, and formation of language! Easy definition; loss or impairment of language function due to brain damage!

!

What are the two main types of aphasia?! Fluent aphasia and non-fluent aphasia !

!

What are the characteristics for fluent aphasia?! Word substitutions, neologisms, and verbose verbal output. Prosody is usually normal and sounds like jargon. !

!

What else might fluent aphasia be name?! Wernicke’s Aphasia!

!

What are the characteristics of non-fluent aphasia?! Effortful, slow, ridget speed. Difficulties remembering words. Lower rate of speech. Weakness to the upper right limb. !

!

What else might non fluent aphasia be name?! Brocca’s aphasia!

!

What is arcuate fasciculus?! It is a bundle of axons that connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area in the brain. It is an association fiber tract connecting caudal temporal cortex and inferior frontal lobe!

!

What is apraxia of speech (AOS)?!

an acquired oral motor speech disorder affecting an individual's ability to translate conscious speech plans into motor plans, which results in limited and difficult speech ability!

!

What is the difference between apraxia of speech and aphasia?! Apraxia of speech is a neuro programming deficit that effects the clients ability to create the shape for the sounds, whereas, aphasia is an impairment of linguistic capabilities. AOS presents similarly to brocca’s aphasia and these two condition can co-occur !

!

What are neologisms?! Non-words!

!

What is PPA?! Primary progressive aphasia which is a type of front or temporal dementia, a custom of related disorders that results from the degeneration of the frontal or temporal lobe (directly affecting language)!

!

What are the main aetiologies for aphasia?! CVA, TBI, surgery, tumors/cancer, infections!

! !

In regards to aphasia, what are the following;! Anomia?! Problems retrieving a name for ever day objects !

!

Circumlocation?! The use of descriptions, sounds, or definition for an intended word. The subject will talk around the intended word!

!

Agrammatism?! Predominantly using content words and a lack of functioning words - fragmented sentences!

!

Paragrammatism?! Over use or misused grammar !

!

Jargon?! A strong on neologisms and often has no meaning, however, prosody is normal.!

!

Paraphasia! Making errors when retrieving a word.! Phonemic Paraphasia —> wrong sound! Verbal Paraphasia —> substitute word! Neologistic Paraphasia —> neologisms ! What is conduction aphasia?! Fluent aphasia often characterised by unintentional repetition!

!

What is the clinical name for a stoke?! Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)!

!

What are the types of strokes?! Ischaemic - block of blood flow! Haemorrhage - bleed of the brain! Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - mini strokes that are less than five minutes long but higher risk!

!

What is the most common CVA?! Ischaemic!

!

How many adults between 55 and 75 will suffer from a CVA?!

One in every 6 (one person every six minutes in Australia)!

!

How many will later develop aphasia after a CVA?! One third of people who have a CVA will have aphasia as a result! What are the four basic levels of communication?! Segmental Level —> most basic, phonemes ! Lexical Level —> lexical item (word), concepts, level to start extracting meaning, abstract concepts! Sentential Level —> utterances (sentences), combination of lexicon, verb is the key to the meaning! Discourse Level —> relating ideas within and across utterances (monologue / conversation) !

!

What would be the associated disorders with these levels?! Level 1 —> Ideation —> Dementia! Level 2 —> Symbolisation —> aphasia! Level 3 —> Translation —> Apraxia of speech! Level 4 —> Execution —> Dysarthria !

!

What is a voice disorder? ! An impairment or issue with pitch, volume, tone, and other qualities of your voice.!

!

What is the difference between a voice disorder and a speech disorder?! A voice disorder is a disorder the the production of sound that is needed to create speech. !

!

What is aphonia?! The absence of voice!

!

What is dysphonia?! An abnormal voice!

!

What are some functions of voice?! To be audible, paralinguistic features (convey personality and emotions), to provide linguistic features (grammar), influence social attention (control how one is perceived i.e authoritative/professional), enable the listen to make inferences about the speaker!

!

Bone Conduction! Acoustics in one’s head - why they will hear their own voice lower when their talking versa on recording!

!

What are the elements needed for voice production?! The lungs, the larynx, and then modified by the articulators!

!

How does testosterone effect the voice?! Testosterone thickens the vocal fold and stimulates growth which is why the voice will lower and crack!

!

What are some key differences between children and adult voices?! Immature voices —> has no thyroid prominence, a lot of overlaps in the anatomy, is extremely playable! Mature voices —> has thyroid prominence, gaps in the anatomy !

!

What would be characteristics of a ‘normal voice’?! Loud —> enough to be heard but not uncomfortable to the ear! Pleasantness —> to listen to! Flexibility —> for expression of personality and emotion! Representation —> representative of an individuals age and gender (if desired) ! Production —> hygiene to the voice, no development of vocal trauma and/or laryngeal lesions !

!

When dealing with an interest or trans person it is important to consider what?! How they would like their voice to sounds like in correlation to their identity!

!

What are some potential causes of voice issues?! Inappropriate voice usage —> non productive throat clearing, shouting ! Infection and Disease —> Laryngeal papillomatosis (a tumour forms along the aerodigestive tract)! Systematic Change —> dehydration ! Congenital —> Clef palate! Physical Trauma —> penetrating trauma to the area! Surface Irritation —> smoking!

!

What is odema? ! Swelling!

!

What is arothema?! Redness!

!

What are the four parameters of voice?! 1. Pitch —> too high/too low, mono pitch, reduced range, uncontrolled! 2. Loudness —> too high/too low, mono loudness, reduced range, uncontrolled, vocal intensity ! 3. Quality —> individuals perception of acceptable, mass, tension, length! 4. Resonance —> degree of oral or nasal quality in the voice!

!

What are some examples of voice abnormalities?! Strain, breathy, rough, glottal fry, pitch breaks, phonation breaks, tremors!

!

In regards to voice disorders, what is the role of an SLP?! To determine the aetiology of the clients voice disorder and recruit the appropriate specialists to address the issues! To conduct perceptual, instrumental, and quality of life evaluation of the voice ! To educate and implelemt treatment procedures! Evaluate treatment outcomes and monitor the progress! Provide indirect therapy (modify vocal abusive behaviours)! Provide direct therapy (voice exercises)! Co-ordinate and work alongside multidisciplinary team members ! Refer clients to other multidisciplinaries ! ! What are some other practitioners SLPs may have to work alongside?! ENT! Psychologists ! Psychiatrists ! gastroenterologists !

!

What must be done prior to voice assessment and why?! A clinical voice assessment to get a baseline of the issue at hand. Often needed to be done after treatment to quantify outcome!

!

What is a perceptual assessment of voice quality?! The SLPs perception and educated assumption of the voice quality and what the problem may be. This is subjective as there is no universally accepted terminology!

!

What is GRBAS? What is the purpose? ! An auditory-perceptual evaluation method for hoarseness. The SLP gives scores of 0, 1, 2, or 3 for the grade of hoarseness; Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, and Strain, where 0 is normal, 1 is a slight degree, 2 is a medium degree, and 3 is a high!

!

Grade —> overall degree of hoarseness / voice abnormality !

!

Roughness —> auditory/acoustic impression of irregularity of vibration! Breathiness —> impression of air leakage! Asthenia —> weakness or lack of power (related to vocal energy and intensity)! Strain —> impression of hyper function or compression!

What does PWS stand for?! People/person with stutter!

!

What are the five categories for fluency disorders?! 1. Persistent developmental stuttering! 2. Acquired neurogenic stuttering! 3. Acquired psychogenic stuttering! 4. Cluttering! 5. Rate and general prosodic disorders!

!!

Does stuttering always start in childhood?! No, though it is more common to onset during childhood.!

!

Stuttering can be cured?! No, stuttering cannot be ‘cured’ rather managed. It is more likely to be ‘cured’ in children under the age of six, however, that is seen as more elimination opposed to ‘curing’ !

!

What is a good frame of mind when it comes to treating someone with a stutter?! Do not attempt to treat toe cure, rather teach to control and to manage the stutter!

!

What is the cause of stuttering?! The cause is relatively unknown. What is know, is that it has a genetic basis, mostly starts in children between 2 and 4 years, is a physical motor disorder, and appears to be a problem with neural processing of speech. !

!

What are the three core stuttering behaviours?! 1. Repetitions! 2. Prolongations! 3. Blocking!

!

What are receptions in regards to stuttering?! Repetition of either individual phonemes/sounds (l-l-l-like)! Repetition of part words/syllable repetition (li-li- li- like)! Repetition of whole words (like-like)!

!

What are prolongations in regards to stuttering?! Stretching out a sound or syllable (sssss-now —> snow)!

!

What is blocking in regards to stuttering?! Blocking on sounds or words (*c-an). The air flow is physically stopped at sme point in the speech mechanism which in tern creates an audible release of air. However, in some cases, blocking can be silent! ! What are coping/ secondary behaviours of stuttering?! Verbal! Intrusions/Interjections (um/ ah/ like/ er) —> consistent sounds, syllables or word at an inappropriate point in an utterance that is! Restarts (I like - I like chocolate) —> two or more words that repeat unchanged! Revisions (I want - I would like a book) —> involved two or more words which are repeated but changed!

!

Non-Verbal!

!

Word avoidance —> avoidance of a word that a person fears they will stutter on. The word is replaced with another word and results in the PWS not saying quite what they wanted to say! Facial Contortions —> often accompanied with blocking and an indication of tension. Usually a struggle around the mouth and neck! Loss of eye Contact —> particularly during blocking! Associated body movement —> shift of body, tense arm or hand movements, uneasy head movements, sometimes movements in an attempt to distract the listener! Emotional reactions that accompany stutter —> anxiety, avoidance behaviours (of everyday situations), loss of self esteem, depression!

Why is it important to treat both core behaviours and coping/secondary behaviours?! At one point stutter was only treated by focusing on the core behaviours, however, the stutter would always return after a period of time after the stutter had seem to be controlled!

!

What is the onset time for stuttering?! Stuttering usually has a sudden onset. It is not uncommon to hear people say they were fine one day and then the next day they were stuttering. !

!

What are the main causes of a stutter for an adult onset?! Usually from a TBI or psychotic disorder!

!

What percentage of children stutter?! 5%!

!

What percentage of adults stutter?! 1-2%!

!

Male babies are more likely to stutter than female?! There is a 3:1 chance of Male to female stuttering in their first year!

!

What are some points to consider when evaluation someone with a stutter?! Family history! Gender! Age of onset! Stutter frequency ! Stutter severity! Duration since onset! Duration of stuttering moments! Ongoing prolongations and blocks! Phonological skills!

!

What is smooth speech?! Also known as The Prolonged Speech method, is the basis of most fluency shaping treatment programs that are taught around the world these days in various forms!

!

What is the success rate for ameliorating a stutter using smooth speech?! 90% to 100% of the time!

!

What is the success rate of ameliorating a stutter by singing?! 90% to 100%!

!

Why do we not encourage singing?! As it is not helpful for learning to communicate in an everyday environment!

!

What is DAF?!

Delayed Auditory Feedback and is used to support the fluency shaping target of slow speech with stretched vowels. For this purpose the delay is usually set at 200 milliseconds and then reduced to shorter delays (as short as 75 milliseconds) over the course of the therapy program.!

!

What is the success rate f...