Questions FRezca plants(1) (1)-2 PDF

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Questions from previous 5 Lectures FUNGI Are fungi closer related to animals or plants? What are some shared features? Why are fungal infections harder to treat than other infections? How do fungi obtain nutrients (i.e. eat)? What is the difference between mycelia and hyphae? What role does fungi serve in decomposition? What is conidia? What is the third phase of reproduction found only in fungi? How might fungi help petroleum spills? ALGAE When did photosynthesis first evolve? Do photosynthetic bacteria have chloroplast? How many membranes do Plantae chloroplast have? Is Brown and green algae part of Plantae? How many years do kelp grow in total in comparison to redwoods? What is kelp used for commercially? Which the following is n and 2n in alternation of generations: spore, gamete, gametophyte (this one is tricky!), sporophyte, zygote? Which is haploid and which is diploid? Why is red algae well adapted at living at great depths? NON-VASCULAR PLANTS Is green algae monophyletic or paraphyletic? Are land plants monophyletic or paraphyletic? Is Plantae as a whole monophyletic or paraphyletic? What do today’s plants accumulate to absorb UV light? Why are nonvascular land plants often the first to colonize an empty land area? What is one striking difference in the alternation of generations found in nonvascular plants? Why is moss harvested for fuel? VASCULAR PLANTS What advantages disappeared once plants began to colonize land? What are three challenges to adapting to life on land, and how did plants overcome them? What is a Prototaxite? The earliest vascular plants did not have leaves or roots. What did they use instead? What is one benefit and one drawback to having a waxy cuticle? What is stomata? During which period did roots evolve in vascular plants? During which period did the world’s first “forests” occur?

Roots are used for nutrient acquisition and support, but they have one more purpose. Describe the third purpose: Where is the gametophyte found in clubmosses? Where (which two islands) are ferns still dominant in ecosystems? What is the role of the prothallus in a fern’s life history? What is an epiphyte? What is a plant example used in lecture? What is a cryptic species? GYMNOSPERMS What are the advantages of height? Which types of modern “trees” do not have wood? Which goes up and which goes down in xylem and phloem? What is wood essentially made of? What is the difference between free-sporing and heterospory? What are the benefits of pollen? What morphological feature are found in Gnetales? How many more degrees is Montreal compared to surrounding land? What is the world’s largest forest biome, and what is the dominant group of trees here? ANGIOSPERMS How many times more diverse are angiosperms than other plant groups? What 3 simple changes in flowers can lead to pollinator shifts? How were angiosperms involved with the decline in diversity of pollinators? What fruits are not meant to be eaten? Why not? How do monocots and dicots differ? More difficult short answer questions (from all of the plant presentations) What symbiosis do occur with lichen? What might this be instead of symbiosis? Describe at least three methods that fungi use to disperse their spores: Describe the kelp-otter-sea urchin relationship and the trophic cascades that follow if one of the species is missing. Which of the three is the keystone species and why? Explain the experimental setup that was set up to test how phytoplankton responded to increasing levels of atmospheric CO2. Why were the results surprising? Describe how most large coal deposits formed: What is mass seeding and what is necessary for this to work?

What is ‘evolutionary stasis’? Explain the adaptive significance of flower color:...