Quiz 2 Terms PDF

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Vocab. terms you need to know for Quiz #2...

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History 1301-05 Fall 2016 Quiz Two Guidelines The list below contains twenty terms from the previous ten weeks of class. The in-class quiz on December 6, 2016 will include five terms from this list. For each term on the quiz, identify what, who, or where it was, and its historical significance. All answers must be written in a blue book. Christopher Seider

Daughters of Liberty

Shays’ Rebellion

Coercive Acts

Committee of Correspondence

Newton Prince

Dunmore’s Proclamation

Thomas Paine

Neolin

George Grenville

Nativism

Phrenology

Confiscation Act

Thirteenth Amendment

Missouri Compromise

Dred Scott

Freedmen’s Bureau

Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment

John Humphrey Noyes

Angelina and Sarah Grimke

Christopher Seider – 1st American killed in political strife pre-American Revolution; Only eleven years old at the time; shot and killed in Boston by British customs officer Ebenezer Richardson; funeral became a major political event and his death heightening tensions that erupted into the Boston Massacre a month later Daughters of Liberty – association formed to protest Stamp Act and later the Townshend Acts; Their main task was to protest Acts through aiding The Sons of Liberty in boycotts and nonimportation movements prior to the Revolution; Participated in spinning bees, helping to produce homespun cloth for colonists to wear instead of British textiles; Were also used as enforcers of these movements because they were the ones responsible for purchasing goods for households; Also well-known for their boycott of British tea after the Tea Act was passed; Began drinking what is now known as liberty tea made from leaves from raspberries or black tea used as tea substitutes so people could still enjoy tea while rejecting the British Shay’s Rebellion – armed uprising in Massachusetts during 1780s; Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led 4,000 rebels in an uprising against perceived economic & civil rights injustices; rebels marched on the US Armory in an unsuccessful attempt to seize its weaponry and overthrow the government; The rebellion took place during debate over the need to amend the Articles of Confederation; The events of the rebellion affected debates at the Constitutional Convention by becoming a commonly referenced reason why the US needed a stronger federal government (didn’t have own army to help out the state of Mass.) Coercive Acts – (Intolerable Acts) series of punitive laws passed by British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for throwing a large tea shipment into Boston; In Great Britain, these laws were referred to as the Coercive Acts; The acts took away Massachusetts' self-government and historic rights, triggering outrage and resistance in the 13 Colonies; Key developments in the outbreak of the American Revolution Committee of Correspondence – organized by the Patriot leaders of the 13 Colonies on the eve of American Revolution for purpose of creating a communication network for Whigs (radicals) to share information British troop activities in each colony; emerged as shadow government assuming increasing number of government responsibilities up to independence; Maryland Committee of Correspondence was instrumental in setting up the First Continental Congress; Served an important role in the Revolution by disseminating the colonial interpretation of British actions between the colonies & to foreign governments; committees rallied opposition on common causes and established plans for collective action; the group of committees was the beginning of what later became a formal political union among the colonies. Newton Prince – Black businessman in Boston who became a witness for the defense in the trials after the Boston Massacre; Only 2 of soldiers convicted of manslaughter, rest acquitted; his reputation was permanently damaged after he chose to testify in defense of the soldiers and when Loyalists evacuated Boston in 1776, he chose to go with them and spent rest of life in Canada

Dunmore’s Proclamation– document signed by John Murray (4th Earl of Dunmore) the last royal governor of the British Colony of Virginia; proclamation declared martial law and promised freedom for slaves who left their owners and joined the royal forces; its publication prompted a flood of slaves (from both patriot and loyalist owners) to run away and enlist with Dunmore; it also raised a furor among Virginia's slave-owning elites in constant fear of slave rebellions; escaped slaves Dunmore accepted were enlisted into what was known as Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment; proclamation ultimately failed as Dunmore was soon forced out of the colony in 1776, taking about 300 former slaves with him Thomas Paine – Born in England; emigrated to colonies 1774, arrived in Philadelphia during time of the 1st Continental Congress with a letter of recommendation from Benjamin Franklin; Wrote Common Sense prior to Revolution, which was an argument in favor of American Independence that was very influential in convincing many colonists to support independence; During Revolution, went on to publish the American Crisis Papers telling colonists to stick with the revolution at time when it appeared England was going to win and the revolution was losing support; Participated in French Revolution after American Revolution and elected to revolutionary’s governing body, but when he voted against executing King of France, he was sentenced to death himself and only avoided it after American Diplomat stepped in, after which Paine fled France; Later on, wrote Age of Reason, which argued that all religion and religious doctrines were created and written by man in order to control society (he was a deist); Religious critiques caused Paine to lose many supporters/followers who labeled him an Atheist (even though he did believe in a God, just not one involved in life of man) Neolin – a prophet of the Lenni Lenape Tribe in modern-day Ohio area; Inspired by a religious vision, Neolin proclaimed that Native Americans needed to reject the goods and lifestyles of the European settlers and return to a more traditional lifestyle (e.g., rejecting alcohol, materialism, and polygamy); Wakatomica=colonial city that became center of Neolin’s political power; Responsible for earliest anti-colonialism movement and philosophy in 18th century colonial America; also created large anti-British sentiment in colonial population George Grenville – Prime Minister of England in early 1760s; Chancellor of the Exchequer (in charge of government finances) and thus, had executive, legislative, and fiscal powers; As Britain was trying to recover from the costs of the Seven Years' War and in dire need of finances for the British army in the American colonies, Grenville's was tasked restoring England finances; Imposed series of taxes on imported goods in colonies to raise revenue for Britain including the Stamp Act 1765, which led to the first symptoms of alienation between the colonies and Britain Nativism – Immigration reform movement by Protestants in 1840s that argued only US-born citizens should have a say in government; Grew out of large scale opposition amongst Americans to Irish immigrants; Big reason was because Irish were almost all Catholic; Belief (stereotype) that Irish did not have the right morals to be US citizens; Irish workers threatened free labor; Irish held different political beliefs about proper governmental structure/form

Phrenology – Mid-19th century movement in the US based on the pseudoscience that emerged in Germany in 1830s by Franz Gall; Believed the shape of someone’s skull allowed for understanding of their mental capacity; Believed that if people had their skull “mapped”, they could gain a better understanding of their mental faculties; Phrenologists believe that the human mind has a set of various mental faculties, each one represented in a different area of the brain & these areas were said to be proportional to a person's propensities Confiscation Act – Laws passed by the United States Congress during the Civil War with the intention of freeing the slaves still held by the Confederate forces in the South; 1st Confiscation Act authorized confiscation of any Confederate property by Union forces ("property" = slaves) AND outlawed Union members from returning runaway slaves back their owners; The 2nd Act stated that any Confederate military or civilian who did not surrender within 60 days of the act's passage would have their slaves freed AND that any slaves who made their way to union armies would be “forever free”; The growing movement towards emancipation was aided by these acts, which eventually led to the Preliminary and Final Emancipation Proclamation 13th Amendment – abolished slavery; It was the 1st of the 3 Reconstruction Amendments adopted by Union states following the Civil War, and ratification into state constitutions required for confederate states to be admitted back into the union and regain statehood; Though the amendment formally abolished slavery throughout the US, factors such as Black Codes, white supremacist violence, and selective enforcement of statutes continued to subject some black Americans to involuntary labor in the South. Missouri Compromise – Missouri Crisis (1819-21): ability to apply for statehood based on population residing in region; transitions of “territories” to “states”; Missouri region applied for statehood & residents were slave owners; Before Missouri, equal number of free & slave states; Missouri state would upset balance; Rise of debate over statehood creating unbalanced # of slave & free states — Missouri Compromise: Missouri enters as slave state & Maine enters as free state; 36-30 Line: northern border of Missouri, used as dividing line for all future new state; States north of line would enter as free states & States south of line as slave states; Set legal precedence for division of country into free & slave states —The repeal of the Missouri Compromise in the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 would hasten the growth of a mass antislavery coalition = the Republican Party

Dred Scott – enslaved African American man in the United States who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom and that of his wife and their 2 daughters in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case popularly known as the "Dred Scott Decision"; Scott claimed that he and his wife should be granted their freedom because they had lived in Illinois & the Wisconsin Territory for 4 years, where slavery was illegal; Supreme Court decided against Scott for 3 things: (1) All territories in the future could be open to slavery; (2) It doesn’t matter if the Missouri Compromise was nullified, because it wasn’t even right to begin with; (3) Dred Scott had no grounds to sue because he wouldn’t even become a U.S. citizen

Freedmen’s Bureau – Government program created during the Presidential Reconstruction phase by the federal gov. with the primary goal of helping former slaves transition to freedom; Run almost entirely by northern Republicans who came from economy where free wage-labor was primary and essential; initially tried to create system in which freed slaves would enter labor contracts with property owners in the south; Asked freedmen to enter into contracts with landowners that still claimed ownership over those same people; Freedmen’s primary goal was gaining suffrage; Very different initial goals between the 2 sides; Provided stimulus for mobilization of freedmen politics; Result of freedmen’s bureau = sharecropping 54th Massachusetts Regiment – nicknamed the "Swamp Angels"; an infantry regiment that saw extensive service in the Union Army during the Civil War; The regiment was one of the first official African-American units in the US during the Civil War; Regiment was commissioned after the passage of the Emancipation Proclamation; The regiment gained recognition when it spearheaded an assault on Fort Wagner near Charleston, SC and the event helped encourage the further enlistment and mobilization of African-American troops, a key development that President Abraham Lincoln once noted as helping to secure the final victory. John Humphrey Noyes – Theological Perfectionist: Believed that human beings already lived as sinless beings in the 19th century (due to Jesus); Said that the roadblock to sinless perfection = marriage; Argued that since marriage is not discussed in the Bible, does not exist in the afterlife, and therefore should be followed in secular life; Argued that marriage placed unfair constraints on women; Rejected monogamy to practice “open-marriages” in Oneida Community; Did not want women to be pregnant; Est. the Oneida Community (upstate NY) in 1848 which was a religious commune who believed that Jesus had already returned in AD 70, making it possible for them to bring about Jesus's millennial kingdom themselves, and be free of sin and perfect in this world, not just Heaven (a belief called Perfectionism); The Community practiced communalism (in the sense of communal property and possessions), complex marriage, male sexual continence; Separated newcomer parents & their children to prevent forming long-term bonds and help individuals to live their own lives outside the traditional family structure; During the early-to-mid-19th-century reform movements, Oneida community represented reform in the form of rejection of traditional gender norms Angelina & Sarah Grimke – Sisters were the first American female advocates of abolition and women's rights; They were writers, orators, and educators who became infamous for their book published 1839 “American slavery as it is: Testimony of a thousand witnesses”; Grew up in a slave-holding family in the South but moved to the North in the 1820s to Philadelphia and for a while became part of city’s substantial Quaker community; Became more deeply involved with the abolitionist movement; Among the first American women to act publicly in social reform movements, they were ridiculed for their abolitionist activity; Also became early activists in the women's rights movement...