Re-entry and Recidivism PDF

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Professor Fritzvold, Recidivism in the US, Re-Entry...

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ReEnt r y Defi ni t i on:“ t hepr oc es sofane x offenderl eav i ngj ai l orpr i s onandr et ur ni ngt o s oc i et y” Mor epeopl ear el eavi ngpr i s onev erbef or e About95% ofpr i s oner s( 600650, 000)r et ur nt os oci et y Theav er agenat i onal pr i s ont er mi saboutt woy ear soft i mes er v ed( 21 mont hsi nCA) Di spr opor t i onal I mpac tofSt at ebySt at e Reent r yandPar ol e:St at ebySt at eVar i at i on CACr i meRat ei ss l i ght l yabov eav er agei nc ompar i sont oot hers t at es 2012Tot al Par ol ePopul at i onbySt at e CA:About90, 000 TX:112, 000 PA:101, 000 NY:46, 000 I L:27, 000 ME:21 ND: 429 Mul t i pl i c i t i esofChal l engesofI nmat esr et ur ni ngt os oc i et y( i nf r as t r uc t ur e,et c ) Soci alCostofReent r y Publ i cHeal t h( hy gi ene) Homel es sness( pov er t y ) Fami l yDi s r upt i on( c hi l dr en’ sex per i ence) Di s enf r anc hi s ement( St i gma,ps y c hol ogi cal di s adv ant ages ,unabl et ov ot e) Soc i al Capi t al ( Soc i al net wor k s / c onnec t i onsr educ ed) Empl oy ment( I nf or mal andFor mal ) I nf r as t r uc t ur e/ Publ i cSer v i c es( Ex pens es ) TheEvi denceSuggest st hatTr eat menti smosteffect i vewhen: Mul t i di mens i onal ( anger ,s ubs t anceabus epr ogr ams ) Coer c edt r eat ment( mos ti mpor t antv ar i abl ei st hel engt hoft i mewi t hi nt he pr ogr am) Tr ans i t i onar y( af t er c ar epr ogr ams ,hal f wa yhous es ,manyc ommuni t i esdon’ t want ) Pr os oc i al c ont ac t s( mostv i t al i nor dert oav oi dr ec i di v at e,s oci al c ont ac t swi t h t hos eont heout s i de) Cal i f or ni a’ sDysf unct i onalHybr i d( Rec i di v i s m andReent r yI s s uesCombi ned) Mos ti mpor t antpol i c yc hal l engesf ac i ngCal i f or ni a’ scor r ect i onal s y s t em ( 65)“ appl y i ngbot hadet er mi nat es ent enc i nganduni v er s al par ol e s uper v i s i onf ornear l yal l r el easedi nmat es ”

I ndet er mi nat eSent enc i ng Sent encewasar el at i v el ywi der angeoft i met obes er v ed( 39y ear s ) ,fi x ed byt hel egi s l at ur e Pr i ort o1976i nCA Whatdet er mi nedyourl engt hoft i me ?Goodbehavi orwi t hi npr i s on,enr ol l ed andengagementwi t hi npr ogr ams Rehabi l i t at i onemphas i z ed ” l engt hoft r eat mentdependedonhowwel l t hepat i entr es pondedt ot hec ur e” Puni s hmentmadet ofi tt hec r i mi nal r at hert hant hec r i me I ndet er mi nat eSent enc i ngPr obl ems Rac ebaseddi s par i t i es ,par ol eboar ddec i s i onswer eaffec t ed,peopl eofc ol or wer et r eat edwor s et hanwhi t ei nmat es ,Cal i f or ni aPar ol eBoar ds( 1960sand 1970s) Li t t l eCommuni t yI nvol v ement( Peopl ear en’ ti nv ol ved) Br oaderi deol ogi cal c r i t i quesofr ehabi l i t at i on Es pf orv i ol entoffender s

Det er mi nat eSent enc i ng 1976:CADet er mi nat eSent enc i ngLaw Thr ees ent enc i ngopt i onsf orev er yc r i mear edet er mi nedbys t at ut e,when y oul eav ej udi c i al pr oces s ,y ouk now.Mostpeopl e,gett hemi ddl es ent enc e ( mi ddl efinger ) Mi t i gat i ngFac t or-y ouc oul dgetl owers ent enc e,y out ur nev i denc ei nr egar di ng Aggr av at i ngFac t or -Mor es ev er es ent ence,y ouwer et hemas t er mi nd,conj ol l ed ot her st opar t i c i pat e Ac ademi cPer spec t i v e: Whati spr i s oni sf or ?Ac compl i s h? det er r enc e,s af ers t r eet s ,puni s hment ,r es t or at i v ej us t i c e CAPenal CodeSect i on1170:Pur pos eofpr i s oni spuni s hment . Det er mi nat eSent enc i ngPr obl ems Remov al ofdi s cr et i onf r om par ol eboar ds Legi s l at ur esasel ec t edoffic i al s( Acc ount edt ot hepeopl e,mor epuni t i v e) “ Dr i veBy ”Sent enc i ngLaws( Lawspas sedbyl egi s l at ur esi nr eac t i ont oaver y v i s ual c as e,r eac t i ngt ohi ghpr ofil ec as esof t enwi t hgr i z zl ydet ai l sands y mpt hat i c v i c t i msbutt y pi c al l ydoes n’ tdepi ctr eal i t yofc r i me,hav eapr essc onf er enc ewi t h c r i mevi c t i m,bei ngar mi nar m wi t hv i ct i mspar ent s)i nfluenc edbyt hemedi a Cumul at i veeffect >mas s i v epr i s onpopul at i on Sent enc ef oc usedont hec r i me,nott heoffender Li mi t edi ncent i v esf ori nmat ebehav i or( Wh yhavegoodbehav i or ?Why r ehabi l i t at e ?)

Peopl ewhoar ear eal r i s kt opubl i c ,butt i mei sj us ts er v ed) Par ol e CA:uni v er s al par ol e Di s c r et i onar ypar ol eex i s t swhenapar ol eboar dhasaut hor i t yt o c ondi t i onal l yr el eas epr i s oner sbas edonas t at ut or yoradmi ni s t r at i v e det er mi nat i onofel i gi bi l i t y( Mos t3y ear s ) Mandat or ypar ol egener al l yoc c ur swheni nmat esar econdi t i onal l y r el eas edf r om pr i sonaf t ers er v i ngas pec i fiedpor t i onoft hei ror i gi nal s ent ence mi nusanygoodt i meear ned 2ndPr ongofCA’ sDy sf unc t i onal Hy br i d CAPar ol eRes our c eAl l oc at i on 65% ofal l CApar ol eesar ecl as s i fi edas“ l owr i s k” Many“ hi ghr i s k ”par ol eesdonotgett hes uper vi s i onands uppor tt hatt heyneed andt hatwoul dk eept hec ommuni t ymor es af e...