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BSC100 Building Blocks for Science Students

Session 3

Session 3: Respecting Others’ Ideas “If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants” – Isaac Newton, 1676

In Text Citations Introduction When referencing prior work there are strict rules regarding both how the reference appears in text, and also the format of your referencing list. Unfortunately, these rules can vary depending on the publication you are submitting an article to or, more importantly for you, the unit of study. However, there are many referencing style guides which enable you to present your references in the correct manner. At Murdoch the referencing style to be used in each unit will be listed in the Unit Guide. The Murdoch Library provides referencing guides for the most commonly used styles here. During this activity you will learn how to read a referencing style guide and how to apply it for the most commonly used sources. In this tutorial we will be using the following two reference styles 1. American Psychological Association (APA) 7th edition. Library Guide found here. 2. Vancouver. Library guide found here. APA APA is an "author-date" system, so the citation in the text consists of one or both of the author(s) and year of publication in round brackets.

Exactly what appears in the round brackets depends upon how you are

presenting the data - see the examples below. One Author Use only the surname of the author followed by a comma and the year of publication located at the end of the sentence: ...the psychological evaluation of children has been studied elsewhere (Matthews, 1999).

If you include the author in your text, it does not need to appear in brackets: Matthews (1979) discusses the role of drawings in the psychological evaluation of children.

Two Authors Use only the surname of both authors separated by “&” followed by a comma and the year of publication located at the end of the sentence: ...as was identified in a previous study (Lawson & Green, 1997).

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BSC100 Building Blocks for Science Students

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Three or More Authors For a work with three or more authors, include the name of the first author only followed by “et al.” in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity: Wasserstein et al. (2004) have found ... OR ... as has been found in a previous study (Wasserstein et al., 2004).

This is rare – but to avoid ambiguity, include as many author names as necessary to distinguish different citations, followed by et al.: Kapoor, Bloom, Montez, et al. (2017) Kapoor, Bloom, Zucker, et al. (2017)

When citing more than one source at a time, they are presented in chronological order within the bracket. If there are two sources published in the same year, they are ordered alphabetically by first authors’ surname within that year. … as has been reported widely in the literature (Montez, 1990; Bartlett, 1996; Muller, 1996; Smith et al., 2001; Kapoor & Bloom, 2018).

Quotations (these are extremely rare in science) If you are quoting, enclose the text in quotation marks and follow the quote with the author followed by a comma then the year followed by a comma then the page number. The page numbers are rarely used in science. “When we exercise our reason, we do what only humans do” (Savulescu, et al., 2004, p. 673).

Vancouver Vancouver uses a notational method of referencing when referring to a source of information within the text of a document. In its simplest form, a number in parentheses (round brackets) placed in the text indicates the relevant reference. Citations are numbered consecutively in the order in which they first appear in the text, and each citation corresponds to a numbered reference containing publication information about the source cited in the reference list. See the examples below: The largest lesion in the first study was 10 cm (13). The theory was first put forward in 1987 (1). Scholtz (2) has argued that...

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BSC100 Building Blocks for Science Students

Session 3

When citing more than one source at a time, the preferred method is to list each reference number separated by a comma and a space and a dash between a range of consecutive sources: Several recent studies (3, 4, 15, 16) have suggested that... The transition to barefoot running often causes injuries (3-7, 9).

It is uncommon to use direct quotes when using notational styles, however if you are quoting or want to be specific in you page range, page numbers can be included as shown below: Westman (5 pp. 3-5, 9) reported 8 cases where vomiting occurred. These patients showed no sign of nausea (3 p. 21, 4).

Reference Lists Introduction Providing the in-text citation is just one part of correct referencing practice, part two involves providing the reader with the full bibliographic details of each source that you have used in a reference list. This is important, as in-text citations do not provide sufficient details for the readers to find and assess your sources. Like in-text citations, the formatting of a reference list is governed by style guides and different referencing styles are often significantly different. These differences include the order of the reference list. "Author-date" styles (such as APA) are presented in an alphabetical order based on the surname of the first listed author. You do not reorder the author list within a paper. For notational styles (such as Vancouver), the order of the references is based upon the sequence they are used in during the in-text citations. It is important that you consult the appropriate style guide for your assignments to ensure correct formatting is used, as this is one area where it is easy to make mistakes and lose marks.

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BSC100 Building Blocks for Science Students

Session 3

Observe the four different types of references presented for both APA and Vancouver referencing styles. Identify the similarities and differences between the two styles. APA

Vancouver

Journal Article (20 authors )

Wang, Y., Dempsey, A. R., Lloyd, D. G., Mills, P. M., Wrigley, T., Bennell, K. L., Metcalf, B., Hanna, F., Cicuttini, F. M. (2012). Patellofemoral and tibiofemoral articular cartilage and subchondral bone health following arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 10, 970-978.

15. Wang Y, Dempsey AR, Lloyd DG, Mills PM, Wrigley T, Bennell KL, et al. Patellofemoral and tibiofemoral articular cartilage and subchondral bone health following arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;10(5):970-8.

EJournal

Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(3), 443-449. https://doi.org/10.1037/00219010.78.3.443

7. Borman, WC, Hanson, MA, Oppler, SH, Pulakos, ED, White, LA. Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. J Appl Psychol. 1993;78(3):443-449. Doi:10.1037/00219010.78.3.443

Book

Murray, P. R., Rosenthal, K .S., Kobyashi, G. S., & Pfaller, M. A. (2002). Medical microbiology (4th ed.). Mosby.

22. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobyashi GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 4th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2002.

For APA a large author list is 20 or more authors. For Vancouver a large author list is more than 6 authors. For large lists check the formatting requirements in the Library Reference List Entries information. Text has been bolded to ensure you can see each distinct punctuation mark.

1.

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BSC100 Building Blocks for Science Students

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Extension Read the following passages and follow the steps below to practice paraphrasing: 1. Identify the main ideas in the passage. 2. Try covering your source while you draft a sentence that only includes the key word from the original text. 3. Compare your sentence to the source. 4. Rewrite as needed until you have successfully paraphrased. Passage one “Further, in a study of 12 chiropractors who specialized in only performing upper cervical specific adjustments, 28% of new patients presented with low back pain.28 One explanation for this is that even though the lumbar facets or sacroiliac articulations may generate the primary pain symptom, the primary dysfunction may be found in other areas of the spine, and it has been proposed that central neurological mechanisms may play an important role. 29., 30., 31.” (Hoiriis, K. T., Pfleger, B., McDuffie, F. C., Cotsonis, G., Elsangak, O., Hinson, R., & Verzosa, G. T. (2004). A randomized clinical trial comparing chiropractic adjustments to muscle relaxants for subacute low back pain. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 27(6), 388-398.) Passage Two Criticisms of IWRM (Integrated Water Resource Management) often focus on the practical challenges of implementation. Perhaps the most strident critic has been Biswas (2004) who considers the definition of IWRM itself amorphous and questions whether integration across so many aspects is achievable. Tortajada (2016) responds to these criticisms by clarifying IWRM as a concept, as a goal in itself, and as a strategy to achieve development goals. Practical high-level guidance on what to integrate is given by Hamilton et al. (2015) who flesh out ten dimensions of integration (e.g. issues of concerns, stakeholders, spatial and temporal scales, uncertainties, etc). (Badham, J., Elsawah, S., Guillaume, J. H., Hamilton, S. H., Hunt, R. J., Jakeman, A. J., ... & Bammer, G. (2019). Effective modeling for Integrated Water Resource Management: A guide to contextual practices by phases and steps and future opportunities. Environmental Modelling & Software, 116, 40-56.) Passage Three Total daily water intake (treated and untreated water) was increased in animals receiving the Spirulina treatment due to an increased preference for Spirulina in the water. There are several animal and environmental factors that may affect water intake including bodyweight, physiological state, DM (dry matter) and Na (sodium) intake and ambient temperature and humidity (Beede 1991; Murphy 1992). However, it is commonly accepted that water quality also influences its intake. Several studies have indicated that bad tasting water and odour limit water intake (Willms et al. 2002; Frank et al. 2004; Lardner et al. 2005). (Panjaitan, T., Quigley, S. P., McLennan, S. R., & Poppi, D. P. (2010). Effect of the concentration of Spirulina ( Spirulina platensis) algae in the Page 5 of 6

BSC100 Building Blocks for Science Students Session 3 drinking water on water intake by cattle and the proportion of algae bypassing the rumen. Animal Production Science, 50(6), 405-409.)

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