Relational Communication PDF

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Why do we communicate? -physical needs -relational needs -lives/routines/events are structured around social interaction -humans are social beings, casual vs meaningful -marital happiness is the most important predictor of happiness in life -identity needs -how you communicate and how people communicate creates and reinforces who you are -spiritual needs -principles and values, morals, meaning of life, religion -instrumental needs -short term tasks and long term tasks Six Characteristics of Communication -multiple channels -lean vs rich -rich is a very personal interaction -perceptual filters -people give meaning to words -literal and relational implications -content vs relational -intentional or not messages are sent -governed by rules -explicit vs implicit Interpersonal Communication -interpersonal -two people -in a relationship -helps them negotiate and define that relationship -as it evolves -impersonal vs interpersonal -pervasive, improve relationships -improve health Communication Competency -effective, appropriate -self aware and self monitoring -adaptable -empathetic

Self-concept (identity) -multifaceted -subjective (something you cannot share) -enduring but changeable -biology and personality -culture and gender roles -reflected appraisal -self concept is formed by other peoples opinions of you Self-fulfilling prophecy -we think something is going to happen, we act as if it is, and then it happens Orange -i agree with the list of traits and goals on the top, childhood nature -LOVE extravagant gifts, but more so for myself than others Self-esteem -subjective evaluation of your value and worth as a person Interpersonal needs -need for control, inclusion, affection Image management -collaborative -multiple identities -different versions of ourselves depending on where we are -invisible vs visible: certain things in lives affect who we are but they may not be surface level Self-disclosure -intentional and truthful -breadth vs depth -varies among relationships -who you care to put effort depends who you disclose info to -gradual, but is not always -sometimes people will just dump their life story onto you -follow a different pattern -usually reciprocal -serves many purposes -influences by gender and cultural roles -benefits of self disclosure -enhance trust and relationships, reciprocity, emotional release

Attribution theory -founded by Fritz Heider in 1958 -people try to make sense of larger social worlds -the more important/unexpected, people seek explanations to define outcome Action Assembly Theory -how cognition relates to behavior -overall: how an individual’s thoughts and experiences get transferred to action -consequences due to wrongdoings = lesson learned -unitized assemblies are things are common so they are programmed into your brain almost -creative assemblies take longer to process Theory of Motivated Information Management -basically increases prediction odds of what somebody will do Imagined Interaction Theory -defined as mindful daydreaming in which we have social interactions -can happen at anytime and during other activites Relational Framing Theory -describe how people organize interpersonal messages to support inferences about the relationship between communicators Speech Codes Theory -helps explain why people say what they say -different cultures bring different speech codes -codes are filled with cultural clues, traces, and importance -be aware and respect different cultures Communication Accommodation Theory -process concerned with how you may exert or reduce your level of communication with somebody Politeness Theory -use it to reduce strain in a relationship by respecting intangible boundaries Narrative Theory -breaks down what exactly happened -usually not used in positive times Perception -process of making meaning from the things we experience in our environment -interpersonal perception

Face Theory -regards overall image -face theory is your face that you put on between how you dress, how you talk to people, etc. Expectation Violation Theory -personal space boundary that you mentally create with each individual based off of how much you know/like them Interaction Adaptation Theory -explains why people interact the way that they do Communication Privacy Management Theory -you can hold secret what you want Communication Theory of Identification -you act the way you want to be perceived Stages of Perception -selection, which is chosen what you select to perceive by: -unusual or unexpected -frequency -intensity -organization, categorize by construct -physical -role -interaction -psychological -interpretation, meaning making step Influences on Accuracy -physiological states and traits -if you are in bad mood, people can tell, etc. tone of voice/response gives clues -culture and co-culture -social role Interpersonal Perception -stereotypes -influence perception of other people even if you don’t want to -generalization about a group that is applied to an individual -primacy -emphasize first impressions -first impression will always stick in mind of somebody or something -recency

-emphasize most recent impression -update your idea about the person -perceptual set -perceive only what we want -egocentrism -lack of ability to see another’s perspective -people could have bad day, not be happy to be doing that action -test: 4, 2, 3, 5, 3, 1, 2= 20 -positive bias -focus on positive attributes -negative bias -focus on negative attributes Explaining Perceptions -attributions -explanation for an observed behavior -locus -location of the cause of a behaviour -internal or external -stability -controllability Common Attribution Errors -self serving bias -attribute success to internal causes and failure to external causes -fundamental attribution error -attribute others’ behaviour to internal causes

Culture -system of learned and shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another Cultural appropriation -adoption of elements of a minority culture by members of the dominant culture -easily considered offensive to the dominant culture 7 Aspects of culture -individualism (individual needs prioritized) vs collectivism (value for others is higher than myself) -low and high context -explicit/direct vs subtle/ambiguous (more collective) -low and high power distance

-masculine and feminine -expressive vs instrumental -monochronic and polychronic -uncertainty avoidance -communication codes -expressions, jargon, gestures

EXAM 1 Language -structured system of symbols for communicating meaning -language is… -symbolic -mostly arbitrary -governed by rules -phonological, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic -layers of meaning -denotative (literal definition) vs connotative (cultural, adaptive meaning) -loaded language -semantic triangle -symbol=word being communicated -referent=denotative -reference=connotative -varies in clarity -bound by context and culture Power of Language -naming -our name defines and differentiates us -naming practices -popular names -miss vs mrs vs ms -persuasion -ethos, pathos, logos -credibility and language -cliches -dialects -equivocation -express affection and intimacy -comfort and healing -acknowledge the loss, express sympathy, offer a positive reflection, offer assitance -humor

Power of Language cont. -soft talk - euphemisms -slang and jargon Communication Climate -emotional tone of a relationship -use confirming messages -behaviors that indicate how much we value other people Confirming Messages -behaviors that indicate how much we value another person -recognition -acknowledgement -endorsement Disconfirming Messages -behaviors that imply a lack of regard for another person -impervious response -verbal abuse -generalized complaining -irrelevant response -impersonal response Defensiveness vs Supportiveness -evaluation vs description -control vs problem orientation Providing Effective Feedback -non evaluative -probe -paraphrase -offer support I vs You Statements -you statements- shift responsibly of your feelings and thoughts on others -I statements- claiming ownership of your feelings and thoughts

Types of nonverbal communication -facial expression -eyes -looking away -eye contact -movement and gestures -physical contact/touch -vocal/overall sound and tone -smell -space -physical appearance -time -artifacts Nonverbal communication -present in most interactions -often conveys more than verbal -metacommunicates -express emotions-facial and vocal -maintains relationships -form impressions -influence others -concealing information Relationships -need to belong (theory) -form, maintain, and protect strong relationships -rewards -emotional, material, health Close Relationships -commitment -interdependence -obsessive relational intrusion -dialectical tensions -autonomy vs connection, openness vs closedness, predictability vs novelty -manage through- denial, disorientation, altermation, segmentation, balance, integration, recalibration, reaffirmation

Relationship Forming- Theories -attraction -interpersonal attraction -physical, social, task -proximity, similarity, complementarity -uncertainty reduction (management) -people are motivated to reduce uncertainty -now looks at how people manage their uncertainty -predicted outcome -form relationships when we think the outcome will be worth it Relationship Costs/Benefits - Theories -social exchange -equity Relationship Maintenance Behaviors -positivity -openness -assurances -social networks -sharing tasks Relationship Development -formation -initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, bonding -dissolution -differentiating, circumscribing, stagnating, avoiding, terminating Interpersonal Conflict -expressed struggle between 2 that are not meeting each others needs -dimensions -content, relational, procedural -metaconflict -conflict about conflict -indirect or direct -harmful or beneficial -passive aggression -demand - withdraw -culture -low context culture is more open and will say it -high context culture doesn’t address issues -cross cultural

Power -ability to manipulate, influence, or control people or events -context specific -positive or negative -forms (reward, coercive, reference, legitimate, expert) -patriarchy -system in which men exercise the majority of power -principle of least interest -person least invested has the most power Managing Conflict -problematic behaviors -criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling -basically not dealing with the conflict on hand -conflict style -competing, collabing, avoiding, accommodating, compromising Deception -knowing and intentional transmission of information to create a false belief in the hearer -low, medium, or high stake -politeness -common thru the internet -found people lying in emails more than in person, and they felt justified -people will deceive bc -benefit yourself or the hearer, protect privacy, avoid conflict or punishment, revenger, hurt others, amusement -falsification -exaggeration -omission -equivocation Detecting Deception -often inconsistent -speech errors -increase in vocal pitch -false smiles -looking away (bad indicator) -blinking and pupil dilation -minimal body movement -culture (sometimes) -motivation -motivation impairment effect

-suspicion -interpersonal deception theory -adapt behaviors if we think people around us are suspicious -interactive -see/hear other people and react in real time...