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Contract:  Breachofcontract  Notevitiatingfactors

 Expectationdamagesforloss:  Availableasofright–putPinpositionas ifcontractperformed(ClarkevMacourt) Howtomeasure?  Generally‘lossofprofit’(valueofwhatP waspromised–valueofwhatPgot)  ‘Rectification’measureissometimes appropriateforbuildings:(Bellgrovev Eldridge,Tabcorp,cfRuxley)  Ifexpectationdamagesimpossibleto calculate,reliancedamagesmaybe used:McRae,Amann  Lossofachance: o Ifexpectation,discounted o Ifreliance,notdiscounted(Amann)  Damagesfordisappointmentand distress(BalticShipping) Limitationsondamages? Causation:  WouldPhavesufferedthelossbutfor theD’sbreachofcontract(Alexanderv CambridgeCredit) Remoteness:  Isthelosstooremote?  HadleyvBaxendale/VictoriaLaundrytest  (1)Fordirectloss:isthelossonewhich arisesnaturallyoraccordingtotheusual courseofthings?imputedtoDasa reasonableperson  (2)Forconsequentialloss:isthelossone whichreasonablyshouldhavebeenin thecontemplationofthepartiesD musthaveknowledgeoftheloss  CfAchilleas‘assumptionof responsibility‘test. Mitigation:  DidPmitigateherlossD’sabilityto foreseelossextendstowhenitwouldbe reasonableofPtobeginmitigating (BurnsvMANperBrennanJindissent)

Specificperformance:  Equitable  Availableifdamagesareinadequate. Querywhetherdamagesbeanadequate substituteforperformance?  Land:usuallySPawarded  Goods:usuallydamagesadequateunless goodsunique:DouganvLey  Shares:usuallydamagesadequate unlesssharesunique:GeorgesvWieland  Services:SPnotavailable(Byrnev AustralianAirlines)butinjunctionto restrainbreachofnegativecovenant maybeavailable,particularlywhere serviceunique(LumleyvWagner,Curro) Generaldiscretionaryconsiderations:  HardshiptoD:mustbesevere(Patelv Ali)  Publicinterest:WrothamPark  LackofcleanhandsofP:Summersv Cocks  Delayandacquiescence,delayand prejudice DiscretionaryconsiderationsonlyforSP:  Lackofmutuality(butcfPricevStrange)  Continuoussupervision:ArgyllStores butcfDiagnosticX‐RayServices  ReadinessandwillingnessofPto perform

Unjustenrichment  DmustbeunjustlyenrichedatP’s expense.Mustpointtounjust factor(mistake,failureof consideration,compulsionetc) (DavidSecurities)  Not‘quasi‐contract’ Remedies:  Money:actionformoneyhadand received  Services:quantummeruit(value ofservices)  [Goods:quantumvalebat(value ofgoods)obsolete] OverlapwithUEandcontract  UEgenerallyappliesina contractualcontextwherethe contractisvoid,unenforceableor a‘losingcontract’.  GeneralsentimentisthatUEand contractareseparate(Equuscorp, Sopov)andcontractualpriceis nota‘cap’(Sopov)butcarestill hastobetakennottoundermine contractualallocationofrisk (Lumbers)orstatutorypolicy (Equuscorp). Defencestoaservicesclaim:  D’ssubjectivedevaluation(‘I neverwanteditanyway’) P’sresponsestosubjdevaluation:  Servicewasa‘incontrovertible benefit’  Dchosethebenefit  Dchosetoretainthebenefit (‘freeacceptance). Proprietaryremedies?  SometimesavailableforUE:see egmistake–compareChase ManhattanandWambo. Rescission  NotesimilaritytoUE.  RESCISSIONCANNOTBESOUGHT WHENDAMAGES/SPsought thisaffirmsthecontract:Alati Commonlawrescission:  Availableforfraudandduress  Mustmakepreciserestitutioin integrum(ClarkevDickson)if notpossible,norescission available.  Mustelect–eitherby communicatingwithDor recaption(seizingasset),orin rarecircs,broadcastingintention to3Ps(Calwell)  Proprietaryeffectofelectionto rescind:legaltitleimmediately revestsinrescindingparty (Calwell) Equitablerescission:  Availableforduress, misrepresentation,unilateral mistake,undueinfluence, unconscionabledealing,BOFD.  Mustonlymake‘substantial’ restitutioinintegrum(Alativ Kruger).  Mayberescissionontermsto achieve‘practicaljustice’  IfPcannotmakerestitutioin integrumbacktoD,Pcannotget rescission(MaguirevMakaronis)  Pmustelect(Daly)  Proprietaryeffectofelectionin equity: o Beforeelectionismade,Dhas legaltitle,Phasa‘mereequity’ (personalright,notfullyvested ptyright‐Latec) o Afterelectionismade,Dhaslegal title,Phasequitabletitle

Tort:  Trespasstoland  PrivateNuisance  Trespasstogoods  Detinue  Conversion  Deceit(requiresproofoffalsity)  Injuriousfalsehood(malice)  Negligentmisstatement

Compensatorydamages:  AimistoputPinthepositionas ifthewronghadnotoccurred Howtomeasure?  Damagetoland(trespass, nuisance):oftenrectification cost(seeEvansvBalogbutcf Pantalone‐diminutioninvalue)  Damagetogoods(trespass, detinue,conversion):oftenfull valueofgoodsbutnotalways (seeButlervEgg)  Deceitandnegligent misstatement:measureof directlossesiscostofwhatP paidforthing–costofwhat thingwasactuallyworth:Toteff vAntonas.  Deceit:Causalrequirementis‘a cause’,alllossesarisingfrom relianceonmisrepresentation recoverable–remotenessdoes notoperatetolimit consequentiallossesindeceit (DoylevOlby).Mitigationdoes notoperate  Injuriousfalsehood:similarto deceit(PalmerBruyn)  Negligentmisstatement: damageslimitedbycausation andreasonableforeseeability fromgeneralnegligencelaw. Queryifcontribnegoperates wherereliancereasonable?

Injunctions:  Generallyequitable(auxiliary jurisdiction),sees37SCAtoo.  HasDcommittedalegal, equitableorstatutorywrong?  Aredamagesinadequate?  Damagetoland(trespass, nuisance):mustshow inadequacyofdamages(Irvingv Emu)butofteninthesecases injunctionsveryreadilyawarded (BendalvMirvac)  Damagetogoods(trespass, detinue,conversion)mustshow inadequacyofdamages, dependsuponsubjectmatter (AristocvWenham–unique natureofgoodledtoinjunction)  Notrelevanttonegligent misstatementordeceit Generaldiscretionaryconsiderations:  Hardship:mustbesevere(Patel vAli)  Publicinterest:WrothamPark  Lackofcleanhands:Summersv Cocks  Delayandacquiescence,delay

Otherkindsofaward? LordCairns’ActDamagesinlieuof aninjunction  Availablefortortiousbreaches:s 38 SCA

ACL:  Misleadingand conduct:s18A

Compensatorydama  Section236‐h  Breachofprov  ‘Lossordamag likelytobesuff  Causalconnect anddamagean Howtomeasure?  Somewhatana andnegligentm losesarisingfro misrepresentat Ppaidforthing thingwasactua Marks,Henville  Generallyremo operatetolimi deceit(Henville Henvilleminori lossisawayof distinct/remote excluded.  Notedistinctio intrinsicandex (HTWValuers)  Expectationme sometimesbe  Toogreatanan commonlawco mislead(Marks Murphy).  Contributoryn nottoapplybu 137BoftheCCA  Principlesofm applytoP’slos effortstoredu reduceD’sliab  Notedamages available:Kuzm OR Injunctions:  S232,ACL–inj toshowdamag justshowlossa OR Rescission,voidingc  S243ACL(see OR Otherkindsoforder  Declarationset  BUTNOT?  AOP?Uncleari breachofACL.  Exemplarydam beavailablefor (MuscavAstle) unavailablefor  Proprietaryrem

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