Renal system exp report PDF

Preview

Summary

Renal system experiment report for PBHM...

Description

Results

Test Leukocytes

Sample 1: Control Negative (-)

Sample 2: Proteinuria Negative (-) Negative (-)

Sample 3: Haematuria Trace (15 cacells/µl) Negative (-)

Sample 4: Glycosuria Trace (15 cacells/ µl) Negative (-)

Nitrite

Negative (-)

Urobilinogen

Normal (3.2 µmol/l) Negative (-)

Normal (3.2 µmol/l) ++ (1.0 g/l)

Normal (3.2 µmol/l) Trace +-

Normal (3.2 µmol/l) Trace +-

Blood

Normal (5.0) Negative (-)

Normal (5.0) Negative (-)

Normal (5.0) Negative (-)

Specific gravity

Normal (1.000)

Normal (1.000)

Normal (5.0) Large (200 cacells/µl) Normal (1.000)

Normal (1.000)

Ketone

Negative (-)

Negative (-)

Negative (-)

Negative (-)

Bilirubin

Negative (-)

Negative (-)

Small (17 µmol/l)

Small (17 µmol/l)

Glucose

Negative (-)

Negative (-)

Negative (-)

++ (30 mmol/l)

Protein Ph

Discussion A urinalysis is utilised to determine a variety of disorders, including urinary tract infections, kidney disease and diabetes (Mayo Clinic, 2019). A normal urinalysis consists of no ketones, bilirubin, Nitrite or Leukocytes as well as no sugar, blood or protein. Urobilinogen is usually present in the urine in small quantities as less than 1% is passed by the kidneys while the rest is defecated or transported back to the liver and converted into bile (Aci Health, n.d.). Therefore, Sample 1 is the control as the results are normal and there is no sugar, no blood and no protein in the urine sample as their presence reflects a disease state in any body tissue or organ, as well as kidney disease. Sample 2 is the Proteinuria as ++ protein is present in the urine. A colour resembling any block larger than trace suggests significant proteinuria (PSNC, 2016). Large amounts of protein excreted in the urine is an indicative risk factor for both renal disease and cardiovascular disease (Renal association, n.d.). Normally proteins are too large to be filtered at any significant level by the glomerulus therefore, Sample 2 may indicate a kidney problem. Many proteins can be found in the urine, but the one relative to kidney disease is albumin. However, fever, hard exercise, dehydration and pregnancy may also cause protein to be in the urine (Healthwise, 2019). Sample 3 is the Haematuria as large blood is present in the urine. The two types of haematuria are gross haematuria where it is visible within the urine and microscopic haematuria where it can only be seen under a microscope (NIDDK, 2016). Due to damage of the filtration barrier in the kidneys that typically prevents blood from entering the urine or because of a deformity within the ureters, bladder or urethra, blood is able to enter the urine (Bryant and Catto, 2008). Blood may also be present in the urine due to trauma, smoking, infection, renal calculi or strenuous exercise (Aci Health, n.d.). In Haematuria, the kidneys allow blood cells to leak into urine. This leakage may be caused by various problems such as urinary tract infections, Kidney infections or diseases, kidney stones, enlarged prostate and cancer (Mayo Clinic, 2017). Sample 4 is the glycosuria as ++ glucose is present in the urine. Glycosuria results from passing blood sugar into urine (Heathline, 2017). Normally, the kidneys take in blood sugar returned into the blood vessels from any liquid that passes through them. With glycosuria, the kidneys may not take sufficient blood glucose out of the urine prior to it passing through the body. This frequently occurs due to excessively high levels of glucose in the blood also known as hyperglecima. In some cases, glycosuria can occur even if a person has ordinary or low blood glucose levels. In these instances, it’s called renal glycosuria. It is generally due to a hidden condition that triggers a persons’ blood sugar level, such as diabetes. The most typical cause of glycosuria is type 2 diabetes as well as pancreatic tumours as they reduce insulin levels. Glucose may also be found in urine when the kidneys are damaged or diseased (Healthwise, 2019). In conclusion, Sample 1 is a normal urine sample whereas sample 2 has proteinuria where it reflects a kidney problem. Similarly sample 3 has haematuria where it reflects a kidney problem or urinary tract infection and lastly sample 4 has glycosuria where it reflects diabetes mellitus or pancreatic tumours. However, the results may be a clue that a patient needs more tests as sometimes small amounts of certain substances, such as proteins, may be found in urine and do not indicate a medical problem.

References

Aci Health. (n.d.). Urinalysis Interpretation. http://www.aci.health.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/285811/Lets_Get_St arted_-_Urinalysis.pdf Bryant RJ, Catto JWF. (2008). Haematuria. Surgery; 26: 4, 150-153. Healthline. (2017, August). What causes Glycosuria and How Is It Treated. https://www.healthline.com/health/glycosuria Healthwise. (2019, March). Urine Test. https://wa.kaiserpermanente.org/kbase/topic.jhtml? docId=hw6580 Mayo Clinic. (2017, August). Blood in Urine. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/blood-in-urine/symptoms-causes/syc-20353432 Mayo Clinic. (2019, October). Urinalysis. https://www.mayoclinic.org/testsprocedures/urinalysis/about/pac-20384907 NIDDK. (2016, July). Hematuria (Blood in Urine). https://www.niddk.nih.gov/healthinformation/urologic-diseases/hematuria-blood-urine PSNC. (2016, March). Urine Dipstick Analysis with Multstix GP. http://psnc.org.uk/southstaffordshire-lpc/wp-content/uploads/sites/95/2016/03/Urine-Dipstick-AanalysisGuidance-Mulitstix-GP.pdf Renal Association. (n.d.). Proteinuria. https://renal.org/information-resources/the-uk-eckdguide/proteinuria/...