Rosemarie Rizzo Parse (Theory of Human Becoming) PDF

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Theoretical Foundations in Nursing - Interpersonal Relationship Theories and Theorists...

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INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS THEORY OF HUMAN BECOMING Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

BIOGRAPHY Dr. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, PhD, RN, FAAN was born and bred in Pennsylvania in 1938. She spent most of her life in Castle Shannon. It’s never easy to get so many milestones like she’s had in her life. Before she pursued a path in Nursing, she was a graduate of St. Francis Academy in 1956. Not long after this, she enrolled in Duquesne University and got her degree in Bachelor of Science in Nursing by 1960 before she officially entered the University of Pittsburgh to accomplish

her master’s in Nursing in 1961 and eventually fulfilling her doctorate degree in Nursing and Higher Education in 1969 at the same university. From there on, with her unwavering love of the field she eventually started her teaching career at the University of Pittsburgh while finishing her Ph.D. before accepting her position at Duquesne in 1966. She was also a Dean of the School of Nursing at Duquesne from 1977 – 1979 and left by 1983 to be a professor and coordinator of the Center of Nursing Research Center at Hunter College of the City University of New York. Dr. Parse was indeed one of the boldest and brilliant figures that’s ever-stepped foot in the field of Nursing. She made diverse and abundant contributions in the field, most notably was her theory of Man-Living Health which she later renamed into what we know now as the Human Becoming Theory in 1990. This theory of hers was internationally recognized and known through her nine books and countless articles as well as every influenced writer and scholar who published works based on her foundations. Not to mention that it was presented all over the world and was translated into several different languages. In winding up, she also was the founder of Nursing Science Quarterly, a journal dedicated to the study of nursing theory and research. She also founded the Institute of Human Becoming and she was also the president of Discovery International Inc., a nursing consultation firm.

CONCEPTS, RELATIONSHIPS, MODEL AND NURSING PARADIGM Introduction of the Theory of Human Becoming According to Parse, in her theory that was first published in 1981 as the “Man-LivingHealth” theory that was changed to the “Human Becoming Theory” in 1992, “nursing is a science and the performing art of nursing is practiced in relationships with persons (individuals, groups, and communities) in their processes of becoming.” This explains that a person is more than the sum of the parts, the environment and the person are inseparable, and that nursing is a human science and art that uses an abstract body of knowledge to help people. Her theory guides the practice of nurses to focus on quality of life as it is described and lived as it presents an alternative to both the conventional biomedical approach as well as the biopsycho-social-spiritual approach of most other theories and models of nursing. Simply put, Parse’s model rates quality of life from each person’s own perspective as the goal of the practice of nursing.

Theory Development and Its Model The Human Becoming Theory was developed as a human science nursing theory in the tradition of Dilthey, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, and Gadamer and Science of Unitary Human Beings by Martha Rogers. Thus, the assumptions underpinning the theory were synthesized from works by their works - European philosophers, Heidegger, Sartre, and MerleauPonty, along with works by the pioneer American nurse theorist, Martha Rogers. The model makes assumptions about man and becoming, as well as three major assumptions about human becoming which are, meaning, rhythmicity, and transcendence, where the theory is structured or centered around. The theory’s assumptions are listed as follows: About Man • • • •

The human is coexistent while co-constituting rhythmical patterns with the universe. The human is open, freely choosing meaning in a situation, as well as bearing responsibility for decisions made. The human is unitary, continuously co-constituting patterns of relating. The human is transcending multidimensionally with the possibles.

About Becoming • Becoming is unitary with human-living-health. • Becoming is a rhythmically co-constituting the human-universe process. • Becoming is the human’s pattern of relating value priorities. • Becoming is an intersubjective process of transcending with the possibles. • Becoming is the unitary human’s emerging.

Three Major Assumptions About Human Becoming

Meaning • Human becoming is freely choosing personal meaning in situations in the intersubjective process of living value priorities. • Man’s reality is given meaning through lived experiences. • Man, and environment co-create. Rhythmicity • Human becoming is co-creating rhythmic patterns of relating in mutual process with the universe.

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Man, and environment co-create (imaging, valuing, language) in rhythmical patterns.

Transcendence • Human becoming is co-transcending multidimensionally with emerging possibilities. • Refers to reaching out and beyond the limits a person set. • One constantly transforms.

It is also important to note that the theory includes the Totality Paradigm and Simultaneity Paradigm. The Totality Paradigm states that man is a combination of biological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual factors. On the other hand, the simultaneity paradigm states that man is a unitary being in continuous, mutual interaction with the environment. The Symbol of Human Becoming Theory The symbol defines and represents Parse’s theory as follows:

● Black and White Colors that represent the opposite paradox significant to ontology of human becoming, while green represents hope. ● Joining Centered Symbol which represents the co-created mutual human universe process at the ontological level, and the nurse-patient process.

● Intertwined Green and Black Swirls for the human-universe co-creation as an ongoing process of becoming. Strength and Weaknesses of the Theory There are also different strengths and weaknesses of the theory. Its strengths are as follows: differentiates nursing from other disciplines, it provides guidelines of care and useful administration, is useful and helpful in Education, provides research methodologies and a framework to guide inquiry of other theories (grief, hope, laughter, etc.). Some of its strengths can also be criticized as its weakness: research considered to be in a “closed circle” with rarely quantifiable results making it difficult to compare to other research studies, no control group, standardized questions, etc. Also, it does not utilize the nursing process/diagnosis, it negates the idea that each person engages in a unique lived experience, not accessible to the novice nurse, and is not applicable to acute, emergent care. THE METAPARADIGM OF ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE’S THEORY The Human Becoming Theory of Parse defines the four metaparadigms as follows: Person The nursing model defines the person (referred to as “man” throughout the theory) as an open being who is more than and different from the sum of the parts. Environment The environment is everything in the person and his or her experiences. And, the environment is inseparable from the person, as well as complementary to and evolving with the person. Health Health is the open process of being and becoming, and involves the synthesis of values. Nursing Nursing is described as a human science and art that uses an abstract body of knowledge to help people.

APPLICATION OF THE THEORY Field of Nursing Practice The Human Becoming Theory plays a significant role in the practice of nursing. The acknowledgement of this theory by practicing nurses ascertains the influence of the theory to

themselves and to the field of Nursing. The theory unwinds the following applications on the field of Nursing Practice:

1. This theory guides the practice of nurses to stress the focus on the quality of life as it is described and lived. 2. This theory presents a supplementary to the traditional or conventional biomedical approach as well as the biopsychosocial-spiritual approach of the other theories and models of nursing. 3. Parse’s theory also became a transformative approach to all levels of nursing. It rendered an influence that the theory manifests a different traditional nursing process and that it does not seek to fix problems. 4. Additionally, this theory served as an eye opener for the nurses’ ability to see not only their perspectives but of their patients, to really “be with” the patient guiding them all the way. Field of Academe The impact of Parse’s Human Becoming Theory is unimaginable to the field of education, nursing education to be specific. Theories such as hers are at the heart of nursing. They provide a basis of knowledge and data that can be used to strategize and create frameworks to ensure that nursing education carves out a niche in the big world of healthcare providers.

1. Parse’s theory can be applied to enhance understanding of the certainty and uncertainty of actual human lived experiences. 2. It can enable crossing from a conventional or traditional approach to a human becoming teaching learning approach where students can be given opportunities to share their practice encounters with their patients in a clinical reasoning course. 3. In such, these types of developments can grow into meaningful results, as the meaning resurfaces to the lives of your patients or of who they are becoming, as human beings. Field of Research Like the many fields and professions, research by far plays a key role in every developmental aspect. The immense significance of this theory to the field of research is bound to have its implications to latter generations.

1. Parse’s Human Becoming Theory amplifies a deeper understanding of human lived experiences, the aspect of health, and most significantly the quality of life.

2. By using research as a tool to further knowledge and development, Parse’s Human Becoming Theory is boundless and so is research which points out that it is continuously being studied and improved over time. 3. Furthermore, it utilizes building of new nursing knowledge about universal and diverse lived experiences of individuals which in time can extremely contribute advances to health and enrich the quality of life....