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Thinking Historically: BasicConcepts, Methods andPerspectives in the Study ofHistoryHISTORYPANAHON NG MGA GREEK POSITIVISM (-until 19th century) Nagsimula sa mga GREEK. History defined as general knowledge. Systematic narration of natural phenomenon either chronological (History) or not (Science). N...

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Thinking Historically: Basic Concepts, Methods and Perspectives in the Study of History HISTORY PANAHON NG MGA GREEK •

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POSITIVISM (-until 19th century) Nagsimula sa mga GREEK. History defined as general knowledge. Systematic narration of natural phenomenon either chronological (History) or not (Science). NO DOCUMENT, NO HISTORY Herodotus “Ama ng Makalumang Kasaysayan” at Archimedes Nagsimula magsulat ng mga dokumento patungkol sa giyera at rise & fall ng mga pinuno.

“Ang Kasaysayan ay isang salaysay na may saysay para sa pinaguugatang pangkat.” ➢ Evidences na mayroon na tayong kasaysayan: 1. Mga Epiko na sumasalimin sa kultura ng ating bansa bago pa man dumating ang mga kastila. 2. Tarsila- system of writing sa Mindanao •

TRADITIONAL HISTORY (19th – 20th century) - Pagkakaroon ng Traditional Historian. To establish the truth by eyewitness and documents - Archives (House of Documents) - Characteristic of an Archive: a. History should be in the past only. b. Written document c. Criticism d. For Ruling Elite only

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NEW HISTORY (1929) - Lucien Fabre (French Historian) - Annales (School of Thought) a. Unwritten evidences as a source of history b. Interdisciplinary approach c. Biography in rejected (History should be in a holistic perspective or approach)

SPANISH •

Nakuha ang ganitong Sistema ng pagsulat ng History ng mga Conquistador (nangunguna sa pananakop)

PILIPINAS •

Nung dumating ang mga Espanyol, they described our History as “Cuento” (kuwento lang ang mga Epiko at Alamat)

➢ NOTE: Mayroon na tayong History bago pa man dumating ang mga Espanyol. Tinatawag natin itong Kasaysayan. o Kasaysayan- meaningful description of the past. o Dr. Zeus Salazar

➢ NOTE: Traditional Vs. New History Traditional History- written document New History- written document & unwritten (Artifacts). ➢ Archaeology started with Troy.

Kasaysayan, according to Dr. Zeus Salzar, refers to narratives of events that makes sense for a specific group of people. In Filipino, “Mga salaysay ng mga pangyayaring may saysay para sa grupong pinagsasalaysayan nito.” This definition necessitates the transmission of significant accounts and in the Philippine context, this was done orally. Examples of these are Epics, Myths, and Genealogies. History on the other hand, comes from the greek word Historia which may simply mean inquiry. However a major character of Historia is its close adherence to the practice of chronology. This is why if you examine old Spanish accounts, heavy emphasis is placed on the dates of their explorations throughout the Philippines. Another important character of Western History is the positivist approach, espoused by German thinker Leopold Von Ranke, wherein he states that history is document dependent — “No document, no history.” As such, the positivist Western concept of History clashes with the Filipino perspective of Kasaysayan. From the Western concept, prehispanic epics, myths, and genealogies are disregarded as mere fiction. There therefore is a need to combine both approaches of western positivist History, and the indigenous concept of Kasaysayan, which today is being done in the writing of Philippine History in the Philippines. In summary, Kasaysayan refers to narratives that makes sense for a specific group of people, and is heavily transmitted orally. This is different from traditional positivist History which relies more on written accounts and focuses more on chronology. Modern day Philippine Historiography attempts to combine both approaches by exploring lesser known topics, while situating it within the Philippine perspective and context, using various references (both written and oral). Hope this helps! PS: You may want to check the following Jaime B. Veneracion, “Ang Kasaysayan sa Kasalukuyang Henerasyon,” Kasaysayan at Kamalayan: Mga Piling Akda Ukol sa Diskursong Pangkasaysayan Atoy Navarro, et. al., Pantayong Pananaw: Ugat at Kabuluhan...