Sacks Sentence Completion Test Report PDF

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Sacks Sentence Completion Test Report...

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Sacks Sentence Completion Test Report

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Aim: To assess the personality, attitude and adjustment of subject using SACKS completion Test.

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Introduction: 1. Definitions-: i. Personality “Personality is that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation (R.B. Cattell).”  “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment (Allport).”  “Personality is the expression of man's inner life; character is the expression of what he does or achieves (R.M. Ogsten)”. ii. Attitude “An attitude is a negative or positive evaluation of an object which influences human behaviour towards that object (Michael Hogg).”  “An attitude is a learned predisposition to respond in a favourable or unfavourable manner towards people, an object, an idea or a situation (Martin Fishbein)”.  “An attitude is a relatively enduring organization of beliefs around an object or situation predisposing one to respond in some preferential manner (Milton Rokeach)”. iii. Adjustment “Adjustment is the process by which a living organism maintains a balance between its needs and the circumstances that influence the satisfaction of these needs (Shaffer,1961).  “Adjustment is the process of finding and adopting modes of behaviour suitable to the environment or the changes in the environment (Good, 1959).  “Adjustment is a state in which the needs of the individual on one hand and claims of the environment on other hand are fully satisfied or the process by which this harmonious relationship can be attained (Eysenck,1972).

2. Theories of Personality-: i. Psychoanalytic Approach-In the psychoanalytic approach, the focus is on the unconscious mind rather than the conscious mind. It is built on the foundational idea that your behaviour is determined by experiences from your past that are lodged in your unconscious mind. The founder of Psychoanalysis was Sigmund Freud. Perhaps the most impactful idea put forth by Freud was his model of the human mind. His model divides the mind into three layers, or regions:

a) Conscious: This is where our current thoughts, feelings, and focus live. b) Preconscious (sometimes called the subconscious): This is the home of everything we can recall or retrieve from our memory. c) Unconscious: At the deepest level of our minds resides a repository of the processes that drive our behaviour, including primitive and instinctual desires (McLeod, 2013).  Later, Freud posited a more structured model of the mind, one that can coexist with his original ideas about consciousness and unconsciousness. In this model, there are three metaphorical parts to the mind: a) Id: The id operates at an unconscious level and focuses solely on instinctual drives and desires. Two biological instincts make up the id, according to Freud: eros, or the instinct to survive that drives us to engage in life-sustaining activities, and Thanatos, or the death instinct that drives destructive, aggressive, and violent behaviour. b) Ego: The ego acts as both a conduit for and a check on the id, working to meet the id’s needs in a socially appropriate way. It is the most tied to reality and begins to develop in infancy. c) Superego: The superego is the portion of the mind in which morality and higher principles reside, encouraging us to act in socially and morally acceptable ways (McLeod, 2013).

ii.

Humanistic Approach In the humanistic approach, the focus is at the whole individual and stresses concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and selfactualization. Rather than concentrating on dysfunction, humanistic psychology strives to help people fulfil their potential and maximize their well-being.  Some fundamental assumptions of humanistic psychology include:

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Experiencing (thinking, sensing, perceiving, feeling, remembering, and so on) is central.

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The subjective experience of the individual is the primary indicator of behaviour.

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An accurate understanding of human behaviour cannot be achieved by studying animals.

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Free will exists, and individuals should take personal responsibility for self-growth and fulfilment. Not all behaviour is determined.

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Self-actualization (the need for a person to reach maximum potential) is natural.

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People are inherently good and will experience growth if provided with suitable conditions, especially during childhood.

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Each person and each experience are unique, so psychologists should treat each case individually, rather than rely on averages from group studies.

iii.

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Trait Theory approach The trait theory approach is one of the most prominent areas in personality psychology. According to these theories, personality is made up of a number of broad traits. A trait is a relatively stable characteristic that causes an individual to behave in certain ways. It is essentially the psychological "blueprint" that informs behavioural patterns.

Review of Literatures:

o M. Mokhtari et. Al. (2010) conducted a study to explore the safety and diagnostic performance of dual-source CT scan in comparison with single source CT scan and conventional angiography in patients with coronary heart diseases. A systematic review was performed using CRD standard methods. The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE، Google Scholar and TRIP were searched up to April 2009. The references of the marked studies and grey literature were also searched. The results led to inclusion of 9 articles reporting the safety and 12 articles reporting the diagnostic performance of DSCT. Using DSCT the exposure of patient to X-ray was less than 64-slice single source CT (SSCT), the mean sensitivity was 90.4%, mean specificity was 82%, mean PPV was 83% and mean NPV was 96%. For the SSCT the mean sensitivity was 90.4%, mean specificity was 82%, mean PPV was 83% and mean NPV was 96%. The mean sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of DSCT were slightly higher than SSCT. o Ramadhan & Suharso (2019) conducted a study to determine the effects of parental involvement, proactive personality and gender on career decision self-efficacy among high school students. Total participants were 758 in which 419 were females and 339 were males

from 2nd grade high school. The study was conducted using accidental sampling technique (SSCT). Study was conducted for 3 months. Questionnaires were provided offline. Results of the analysis in female and male participants show that overall parental involvement and proactive personality significantly influence the career decisionmaking self-efficacy.

o Kumar & Jahan (2021) conducted a study to evaluate the efficacy and durability of multimodal psychotherapy in the management of somatization disorder. Thirty outpatient department patients with somatization disorder were selected and divided into two groups, i.e., intervention group and control group using the purposive sampling method. Efficacy and durability were measured by the Bradford somatic inventory, general health questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), defence mechanism inventory (DMI), and Sack's sentence completion test (SSCT). The results reveal that there are significant differences found among intervention group in comparisons to the control group in the context of somatic complaints (BSI), general health functioning (GHQ28), life conflict (SSCT), and in defence mechanism (DMI).

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Description of Test: This test contains 60 items to be answered by the test subject. The response to each item should be the first thing coming in the mind of test subject. The items of the test cover four areas a) Family b) Sex c) Interpersonal relationship d) Self-Concept Also, it is a semiprojective test.

Reliability of the Test: Three psychologists rated the degree of disturbance of one hundred subjects in each of the fifteen categories on the basis of the subjects’ sentence completion responses. The psychiatrist who treated these subjects made independent rating of their degree of disturbance in each of the fifteen categories, based on their clinical impressions of the subjects. Reliability of the psychologist judgement of degree of disturbance is indicated by agreement of two out of three psychologist on 92 percent of 1500 rating. The psychiatrist had no knowledge of the SSCT responses. When the rating of the psychologist was correlated with those of the psychiatrist, contingency coefficient of . 48 to .57 were found, with standard error of .02 and .03. these figures indicate that the rating of psychologist had a significant, positive relationship with those of psychiatrist.

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Validity of the Test: For fifty subjects, psychologists wrote interpretive summaries were submitted to the psychiatrist, who rated them with respect to their agreement with clinical findings. Some 77 percent of the statements were rated in close agreement or partial agreement with clinical findings. These results of the SSCT compare favorably with those found in validation studies of such other method of personality study as the Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test (23, 40, 52). Experience with the test thus developed has demonstrated the need for minor revisions in the wording of some items to allow great freedom of responses, and for the substitution of new items for those which tended to elicit stereotypes and clichés.

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Demographic Details:

I. II. III. IV. V.

Name- XYZ Age- 25 Educational Qualification- Undergraduate Gender- Female Occupation-PG Student

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Material Required: Pencil, Eraser, Manual, Questionnaire, Response Sheet

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Precautions: The precautions which need to be taken care of are as follows A. The test site should be comfortable, have good lighting, ventilation and handicap accessibility. B. The test subject should not face any interruption or distraction such as excessive noise. C. The responses of the participant should not be influenced by the 3rd person. D. Other miscellaneous distractions should be minimized if not eliminated.

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Rapport Formation: Following aspects were kept in mind to build rapport with the test subject. 1. Good appearance. 2. Basics of Communication skills. 3. Finding common ground. 4. Creating shared experiences. 5. Being empathic 6. Mirror and match mannerisms and speech appropriately.

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Instructions:

60 partly completed sentences are given. Read each one and finish it by writing the first thing that comes to the mind. Work as quickly as you can. If any item cannot be completed at that particular moment, circle the number and return to it later.

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Administration: Following things were kept in mind while administering the conduction of test.  Time period of 20-40 minutes was provided to finish the test which was completely utilized by the test subject.  This test could be administered individually or in a group.  The test subject was allowed to clarify all the doubts regarding instructions of the test.  The test was conducted at an examination hall to maintain the decorum.  The conduction of test was administered by a trained proctor who maintained positive atmosphere.

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Introspective Report The test appeared to be simple at first, but the client stated that some questions required an honest response. The client responded affirmatively to the directions, but several of the questions elicited a highly holistic spontaneous answer. They didn't even realise they could finish some statements with such genuine reactions that had never been shared or acknowledged, as they made plain. The client's overall experience was positive because they were able to provide some accurate answers, but certain questions were tough to answer. There appeared to be some unprocessed items that may have hampered the responses, and some questions were left unanswered.

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Observational Report The focus was not only on the immediate behaviour but also on the subtleties of client’s nature. The way they approached the test, there were hints of enthusiasm and excitement because the very fact that client’s curiosity was touching the sky regarding the idea of a ‘psychological assessment’. While they were taking the test, for first 1520 minutes, it seemed there is no difficulty. But as the client progressed, one could easily spot them in an emotional turmoil. When I mention emotional turmoil, I do not mean one with severe reactions but one with dilemma. The client wrote the answers with utmost honesty and reported to have the heightened emotions while taking the test.

 Scoring  To get overall rating in a category, average of the of the scores on each item under a category should be taken.  That is, if scores on 4 items under a category are-2,2,2,1 then the overall score will be (2+2+2+1)/4=1.75=2. Hence 4 is number of items.  If any item is missing or it has insufficient evidence- for example, scores on 4 items under a category are- 2,2,2, X then the overall score will be (2+2+2)/3=2.

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Result

Statement

Item No.

Scoring

Attitude towards mother

14,29,44,59

X+0+0+1=1/3=0.3

Final Score 0

Attitude towards father

1,16,31,46

0+1+0+0=1/4=0.25

0

Attitude towards family unit

12,27,42,57

0+0+0+0=0/4=0

0

Attitude towards women

10,25,40,55

0+X+0+1=1/3=0.3

0

Attitude towards homosexual relationships Attitude towards friends and Acquaintances Attitude towards people supervised Attitude towards supervisors at work or school Attitude towards colleague at work / School Attitude towards Fear

11,26,41,56

0+0+X+X=0/2=0

0

8,23,38,53

0+1+0+X=1/3=0.3

0

4,19,34,58

0+0+0+0=0/4=0

0

6,21,36,51

0+X+1+0=1/3=0.3

0

13,28,43,58

0+X+0+0=0/3=1

0

7,22,37,52

1+1+2+1=5/4=1.25

1

Attitude towards Guilt Feelings

15,30,45,60

2+1+1+1=5/4=1.25

1

Attitude towards own ability

2,7,32,47

0+1+1+0=2/4=0.5

1

Attitude towards past

9,24,39,54

0+1+0+0=1/4=0.25

0

Attitude towards future

5,20,35,50

1+X+0+0=1/3=0.3

0

Attitude towards goals

3,18,49,53

X+0+X+X=0/1=0

0

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Discussion To assess the personality, attitude and adjustment of subject using SACKS completion Test. The interpretations drawn from our statements are given below Attitude towards mother  In this domain the items involved were 14,29,44,59. Using their individual scores based on responses given by our test subject the final score calculated turned out to be 0. This score indicates that our test subject has a positive relation with her mother. It can be predicted by one of the responses of our client, “Most mothers are ready to sacrifice their personal interests in favour of their children”. Also there seems to be a good understanding between the two. The only thing that the test subject needs to do is to maintain this positive relationship in future too. Attitude towards father  In this domain the items involved were 1,16,31,46. Using their individual scores based on responses given by our test subject the final score calculated turned out to be 0. This score again signifies that the test subject also maintains good relation with her father as can be seen from one of her responses such as, “father is loving and caring”. Her father’s personality is quite compatible with hers and hence she is able to maintain a good bond with her father. Again, the only thing she need to take care of is to maintain this bond in future too. Attitude towards family unit  In this domain the items involved were 12,27,42,57. Again by using the individual scores based on responses given by the test subject, the final score was calculated as 0. This score just like in above scenarios signifies the strong bond between the test subject and her family. Even in case of instability in family domicile her behaviour towards the family is going to be minutely influenced in a negative way maybe due to her positive childhood experience which is reflected by one of her responses such as, “family took extra care of me”. It also signifies that she has a strong control over her emotions and does not get carried away easily if situation demands. Attitude towards women  Here the items involved are 10,25,40,55. With the help of their individual scores again based on test subject’s responses the total score came out to be 0. The total score here indicates that the test subject only criticizes other women in extreme situations. In general, she holds no grudges towards behaviour of other women which can be seen in one of her responses like, “women respect men and understand their feelings”. nor she sees them with suspicion and neither with the lens of homosexual tendencies. Attitude towards homosexual relationships  In this domain items involved are 11,26,41,56. Based on test subject’s responses, the individual scores used gave a total score of 0. This score indicates that she has complete satisfaction in this area. She has achieved sexual experiences as well as is confident regarding maintaining marital relationship in future which she tries to

indicate through one of her responses such as, “responsibility and loyalty towards other partner”. Attitude towards friends and Acquaintances  The items involved in this domain are 8,23,38,53. Final score calculated using their individual scores based on responses of the test subject came out as 0. This indicates that our test subject has a tendency of expressing mutual relationships with others and herself. She is neither suspicious of others nor waits for others to accept her first so that she could get herself also involved emotionally. This tendency of mutual behaviour is indicated in her response such as, “real friend will come to your aid when you expect the least”. Attitude towards people supervised  Here the items are 4,19,34,58. Final score calculated using their individual scores based on responses of the test subject came out as 0. The indication it gives is that the test subject is controllable as a supervisor which is indicated by her response like, “people who work with me understand my behaviour very well”. Also, she is held in high regards amongst her subordinates. She also refrains from displaying dominating attitude in a negative way towards her subordinates. Attitude towards supervisors at work or school  In this domain the items used were 6,21,36,51. Based on test subject’s responses, the individual scores used gave a total score of 0. It indicates that our test subject is comfortable in accepting authority which also indicates that the subject has idea as to what authority is all about. Hence there is no scope of resentment or mild disturbance in test subject’s behaviour in adjusting as per the authority of the superiors. This can be further supported by two responses given by the test subject such as, “people who are my superiors are worth of getting respect” & “when I see my boss coming, I have to be alert”. Attitude towards colleague at work / School  Here the items are 13,28,43,58. Using their individual scores based on responses given by our test subject the final score calculated turned out to be 0. The total score indicates that our test subject seems to have good understanding with her col...