Sample/practice exam 14 April 2018, questions PDF

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Mid-Semester Review Exam. The questions are based on the online lecture modules, practical and tutorial topics for weeks 1 to 5 (and Tutorial 3 in Week 6)....

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MLS101 Foundations in Medical Science

Study Questions – Set 1

MLS101 FOUNDATIONS IN MEDICAL SCIENCE Study Questions – Set 1 (Prepared 13 February 2018) The following study questions will assist you with your study towards the MidSemester Review Quiz (Assessment Task 2) to be held in Week 7. The questions are based on the online lecture modules, practical and tutorial topics for weeks 1 to 5 (and Tutorial 3 in Week 6), and associated readings. Note that they have been written as potential short-answer questions. Model answers will not be provided to these questions. These questions are a study tool only. Also note that these questions do not constitute a complete coverage of the learning materials in the MLS101 course.

Topic 1: Introduction to Medical Science (Week 1 Lecture Modules) •

Consider the following disciplines in medical science laboratories. Provide a one or two sentence description that outlines the role of workers in each of the disciplines. o Histopathology (histology) o Cytology o Haematology o Blood transfusion (also called immunohaematology or blood banking) o Immunology o Clinical biochemistry (also called clinical chemistry or chemical pathology) o Microbiology (including parasitology) o Virology

•

Provide the name of the discipline in a medical science laboratory (use the list above) that would be involved in the following testing procedures. (Note: the same discipline can be used more than once). o Preparing thin sections of tissue samples for viewing under a microscope. o Measuring blood proteins that are produced in response to infection, malignancy or tissue damage. o Undertaking tests associated with abnormalities of blood and bone marrow. o Identifying microorganisms that cause infections. o Testing blood grouping in patients. o Detecting viruses or viral products in cells and tissue samples.

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MLS101 Foundations in Medical Science

Study Questions – Set 1

o Measuring analytes (e.g. proteins, metabolites, hormones) in blood serum to assess tissue and organ function. o Staining and viewing cells under a microscope for possible abnormalities. o Testing donor and recipient blood samples to ensure compatibility for a blood transfusion. o Testing white blood cells (leukocytes) for abnormalities such as leukaemia. o Testing antibiotic sensitivity to microorganisms. o Testing electrolyte levels in a urine specimen. o Undertaking a red blood cell count.

Topic 2: Measurements in Medical Science (Week 1 Lecture Modules; Practical 1) Complete the exercises associated with Practical 1: Measurements in Medical Science. In addition, attempt the following study questions: •

What is the base unit for the metric system for each of the following measurements? (Note: include full name of unit and abbreviation). o Length o Mass o Volume o Time o Temperature

•

Provide a similar list of base units (and their abbreviations), this time for the Systeme International (SI) system. Point out which units are the same as the base units in the metric system. Are there any derived units in the SI system for the above measurements?

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Provide two units in the SI system that have been given names after a famous scientist

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Familiarise yourself with the following numerical prefixes (i.e. what factor to the power of ten do they represent). o tera, giga, mega, kilo, deca, deci, centi, milli, micro, nano, pico

Notes: For the Review Quiz: 1. You will not be asked to provide a definition for each of the base units in the metric and SI systems. 2. You will not be asked to define units in the Imperial measurement system. However, you may be asked to convert from or to Imperial units (e.g. convert from inches to metres). See the Week 2 Lecture Modules and Practical 1 for examples of these types of conversions.

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MLS101 Foundations in Medical Science

Study Questions – Set 1

Topic 3: Safety and Hazards in the Medical Science Laboratory (Week 2 Lecture Modules; Practical 2) Complete the exercises associated with Practical 2: Working Safely in Medical Science Laboratories. In addition, attempt the following study questions: •

What are some of the general hazards found in laboratories?

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What is the difference between a dangerous good and a hazardous substance?

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What is the name of the Australian code that deals with substances or articles that are potentially dangerous to people?

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List six (6) health effects associated with hazardous substances.

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What are the routes of exposure for people to hazardous substances?

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What the major considerations for storing hazardous substances?

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How should flammable substances be stored in a laboratory?

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What are some of the considerations that must be taken into account when handling glassware?

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How should gas cylinders be secured in a laboratory?

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What hazards are associated with cryogenics?

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What should be considered when labelling chemicals and reagents in a laboratory?

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How should alcohol-based hand rubs be applied?

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When should you undertake hand washing when donning PPE and removing PPE?

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Detergents and disinfectants are regularly used for environmental cleaning in a pathology laboratory. When should a disinfectant be used either together with or instead of a detergent?

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Provide the name of three (3) different classes of disinfectants commonly used in laboratories. Page 3

MLS101 Foundations in Medical Science

Study Questions – Set 1

Notes: For the Review Quiz: 1. Make sure that you know the general abbreviations outlined in Question 1 in Practical 2. 2. Make sure that you know the correct procedure outlined for each of the following: a) Hand washing with soap and water b) Sequence of donning and removing PPE (gloves, mask, gown, goggles or face shield). Don’t forget hand hygiene. c) Placing on a surgical mask or a particulate (P2 or N95) respirator. d) Positioning of goggles or face shield e) Removing disposable gloves f) Removing a gown g) Removing goggles or face shield

Topic 4: Lab Maths and Solution Preparation (Week 3 Lecture Modules) Complete the exercises associated with Tutorial 2: Laboratory Maths and Solution Preparation: Practice Exercises. See the MLS101 Course Manual.

Topic 5: Common Laboratory Equipment (Week 4 Lecture Modules) Attempt the following study questions: Plasticware and glassware: •

What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of plasticware used in laboratories?

•

Describe the use of the following types of glass used in common glassware in laboratories: o Thermal-resistant (borosilicate) o Alumina-silicate o Acid and alkali resistant o Low-actinic (amber coloured) o Standard flint (soda-lime)

•

Describe the purpose of the following common pieces of glassware in laboratories. Decide whether they are classified as ‘volumetric’ or ‘nonvolumetric (containers and receivers)’.

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MLS101 Foundations in Medical Science

o o o o o

Study Questions – Set 1

Beakers Volumetric flasks Erlenmeyer flasks Graduated measuring cylinders Burettes

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What do the abbreviations TC and TD refer to for laboratory glassware?

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What is meant by ‘reading the meniscus’ when using volumetric glassware?

Pipettes: •

What are the two major classifications for manual pipettes used in laboratories?

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Explain how volumetric (bulb) pipettes should be used correctly.

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What are Ostwald-Folin pipettes used for?

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What is a Pasteur pipette?

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What is the difference between a Mohr pipette and Serologic pipette?

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Describe some of the features of the Piston Operated Volumetric Apparatus (POVA), also referred to as an automatic pipetter.

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How should POVAs be used correctly?

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What should you consider when drawing up a sample with a POVA?

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How should excess sample on the outside of a tip of a POVA be removed?

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Should you go down to the SECOND stop of a POVA when drawing up a sample?

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How is the pipette tip best released from a POVA?

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Describe five (5) major errors that can occur when using a POVA.

Laboratory balances: •

What is the basis of an electronic analytical balance?

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What does the TARE button on a balance do?

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MLS101 Foundations in Medical Science

Study Questions – Set 1

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What are four (4) considerations for a suitable location of a balance in a laboratory?

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Why is it important to calibrate laboratory balances on a regular basis?

Centrifuges: •

What is the purpose of a centrifuge?

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What are the three (3) major parts of a centrifuge?

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Explain the difference between a ‘horizontal-head’ centrifuge and a ‘fixed angle-head’ centrifuge.

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What needs to be considered when ‘balancing’ tubes in a centrifuge?

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How is Relative Centrifugal Force (RCF) calculated from the RPM of a centrifuge?

Regent water: •

Provide five (5) uses of high-quality water in medical science laboratories.

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Explain the difference between Type I, Type II and Type III reagent water used in laboratories.

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What should be considered when storing high-quality reagent water?

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What are some potential contaminants that can leach out of storage containers for reagent water?

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Explain the difference between ‘distilled water’ and ‘double-distilled’ water used in laboratories. What types of contaminants are removed from these types of reagent waters?

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Briefly explain the process of deionization of water to obtain highly purified (Type I) reagent water.

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Briefly explain the purpose of other purification methods for preparing reagent water, such as activated charcoal and membrane filtration.

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MLS101 Foundations in Medical Science

Study Questions – Set 1

Topic 6: Blood Collection and Processing (Phlebotomy) (Week 5 Lecture Modules; Tutorial 3) Complete the exercises associated with Tutorial 3: Human Blood Collection and Handling. Only venous blood collection procedures, specimen labelling and patient request forms will be examined in the Review Quiz. All other aspects of specimen collection and handling (e.g. urine, CSF) covered in the Week 6 Lecture Modules will be examined in the end-of-semester exam. In addition, attempt the following study questions: Blood specimen collection: •

What are the major components of blood?

•

Approximately how much blood does the average male and female have?

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What are erythrocytes and leukocytes in blood, and what is their role?

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What is the role of platelets in blood?

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What is plasma, approximately what percentage of blood is it?

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Provide the name of four leukocytes.

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What does a phlebotomist do?

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What does the term venepuncture mean?

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Which sections of a pathology laboratory would use whole blood?

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How is whole blood collected for testing?

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What is the haematocrit of a blood sample?

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What do the terms anaemia and polycythaemia mean?

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What is the typical colour of plasma and serum?

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Which does not contain coagulant factors – serum or plasma? Explain why.

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What is the buffy coat of a centrifuged blood sample, and what does it consist of?

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What material is commonly used as clot activators in SST tubes? Page 7

MLS101 Foundations in Medical Science

Study Questions – Set 1

•

Why is sodium fluoride used as an additive? It is found in fluoride oxalate tubes.

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What is the additive to blood volume ratio for sodium citrate tubes?

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What type of tube is required for trace metal testing in blood?

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Why are tourniquets used during venepuncture?

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How long should a tourniquet be left on a patient’s arm during venepuncture?

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What is the possible consequence of leaving a tourniquet on too long during venepuncture?

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If collecting blood from a patient with an IV infusions line inserted, should the site of blood collection be made above or below the IV site?

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What can cause a haematoma during venepuncture?

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Provide ten (10) problems that can lead to an unsuccessful venepuncture.

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What can possibly happen to a patient’s vein if they have multiple venepunctures from the same site?

Blood collection variables: •

Explain the influence on pathology test results that the following physiological factors may have. Give some examples, where possible. o Recent food intake o Posture o Immobilization o Exercise o Patient age and gender o Circadian/diurnal variation

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Sometimes a ‘fasted sample’ is requested. undertaken?

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What are random and postprandial blood samples?

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Why is it important to know about drug and medication use, tobacco use and alcohol consumption when collecting specimens for pathology testing?

How is this normally

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MLS101 Foundations in Medical Science

Study Questions – Set 1

Labelling blood collection tubes: •

What type of information is required for labelling a blood collection tube?

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What is a UR number of a patient?

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How should patient identification be confirmed before collecting a blood sample?

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A phlebotomist decides to pre-label blood collection tubes to save some time. What is wrong with this?

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A phlebotomist dismisses a patient and then labels the specimen tubes. What is wrong with this?

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What needs to be considered if a correction is to be made to information provided on a specimen tube?

Notes: For the Review Quiz: 1. Make sure that you know the abbreviations outlined in Question 1 in Tutorial 3. 2. You do not need to know the colour coding on blood collection tubes. It is more important that you understand the purpose of the additives in the different blood collection tubes. 3. It is important that you know the ‘order of draw’ for blood collection tubes. Go by the type of tube, not the tube colour. Use the patient request form examples loaded on the portal for Tutorial 3 for practice.

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