Sample/practice exam 2017, questions PDF

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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1. What are mutations? - A source of genetic variation and the basis of natural selection

2. Internal validity refers to - The degree to which a test really measures what it is intended to measure 3. Piaget's stages of development refer to operational thought. Which of the following best describes operational thought - Cognition using mental models

4. Mutation of the HEXA gene on chromosome 15q23.q24 is associated with: - Tay-Sachs Disease

5. Piaget is credited for having greatly contributed to the field of children's development. However, what is a major criticism of his work? - Piaget's stage theory depicts children's thinking as more consistent than it is - Hi! I think they're related, so Piaget shows discontinuous development like you said, and assumes that all children progress from one discrete stage to the next. However, by assuming this developmental discontinuity, Piaget also assumes that all children consistently progress in this fashion as they get older, when in reality there is much more variation (it's more inconsistent). Does that answer your question at all?

-

Lecture 1 of week 4. A. Piaget did study a very broad spectrum of development and ages B. Piaget's stage theory depicts children's thinking as more consistent than it is C. Piaget's theories of child development don't focus enough (or at all) on the child's language ability, which is important especially if language determines thought D. Piaget's observations were fascinating E. Infants and young children are more cognitively competent than Piaget recognised

6. What does the Scale Model task test for in children? -

Dual representation and the ability to use a symbol as a source of information (Dual representation is the concept that the ability to use a symbolic object (such as a map or a model) arises from mentally representing the object in two different ways, as an actual object and as a symbol for the object.)

7. Which of the following statements best describes microgenetic design? - People are observed intensively over a relatively short time period while a change is occurring A= People of different ages are studied at a single time (cross sectional) B= People are examined repeatedly over a prolonged period of time (longitudinal)

D= Reveals individual change patterns over short periods in considerable detail (considerable indicates an advantage rather than a description)

8. How does the proportion of the volume of white and grey matter change over time? - White matter increases, grey matter decreases

9. Which one of the following regarding children's language learning is FALSE?

A

Morphemes are the smallest units that convey meaning.

B

Children who receive the negative evidence when they make a grammar mistake can correct the mistake fairly quickly.

C

Morphology learning follows a general U-shaped curve.

D

The underlying depiction of a sentence's phrase structure is called its parse tree. There has been evidence suggesting the parse trees are psychologically real.

10. Which one of the following regarding the development of social understanding is TRUE? A The relationship of child's parents is an example of exosystem in the bioecological model. B

According to role taking theory, Children aged from 8 to 10 is able to recognise that two other people can have a different perspective from them. (Mutual)

C

self-efficacy refers to the self-observing learning through other's reactions to a particular behaviour.

D We are actively shaping our social environment. E

Both B, C and D

11. Which of the following alternatives best describes young infants' ability to distinguish between phonemic contrasts made in all languages of the world, which is "lost" by 12 months? A

Experience-dependent

B

Experience-unexpectant

Experience-independent

C

12. What are the key components of the Dynamic model of emotion?

A

multiple elements as their own system, relationships between the systems define each other, one element changes then everything changes, occurs as a narrative

B

multiple elements as their own system, relationships between the systems define each other, one element changing does not result in changes to other systems

C

multiple elements as their own system, relationships between the systems define each other, one element changes then everything changes, once a strong relationship of co-occurance develops it does not change over time

D

multiple elements as their own system, relationships between the systems define each other, one element changes then everything changes, and it develops, adapts over time

E

is closely related to the Discrete Model theory and draws on the categorically different nature of emotions to show how antecedents can elicit emotions a)co-occurs - is not a narrative b)changes in one element can change the relationship c)changes in one element can change the relationship even once a strong association has been developed d) multiple elements as their own system, relationships between the systems define each other, one element changes then everything changes, and it develops, adapts over time CORRECT e) it is considered the opposite of the discrete model

13. Which is NOT an aspect of William James' (1890) conception of "me-self"? A

Material self

B

Spiritual self

C

Social self

D

Physical self

Material self, social self and spiritual self are all aspects of William James' (1890) conception of the "me-self".

14. Which one of the following is FALSE?

A Virtually all the major organs are formed during the period of the embryo. The top layer of the inner cell mass (ectoderm) becomes the nervous system, circulatory system, digestive tract, lungs and other internal organs.

B

C The neural tube will eventually develop into the brain and spinal cord. D Amnion is acting as a cushion, regulating temperature and providing a weightless environment.

B. The top layer (ectoderm) becomes the nervous system, the nails, teeth, inner ears, lens of the eyes and outer layer of skin. The middle layer (mesoderm) becomes the bones, muscles, circulatory system, inner layers of skin and other internal organs The bottom layer (endoderm) develops into the digestive tract, lungs, urinary tract and glands.

15. the ectoderm of an embryo

A

becomes the outer layer of skin

B

becomes the lining of the gut

C

is the middle layer

D

regulates temperature

a) correct b) endoderm c) mesoderm d) amnion

16. According to Scarr (1992), which aspect(s) of gene-environment relations effects explain why children's IQ is linked to their biological parents IQ, even if they have never met? A

Passive effects

B

Passive and Evocative effects

C

Evocative and Active effects

D

Active effects

E

Evocative effects

Passive - arise when children are raised by their biological parents. These effects occur not because of anything the children do but because of the overlap between their parents’ genes and their own Evocative - emerge through children’s eliciting or influencing other people’s behaviour Active - involve children’s choosing environments that they enjoy "The evocative and active effects of the genotype help explain how children’s IQ scores become more closely related over time to those of their biological parents, even if the children are adopted and never see their biological parents." HCD page 310 edition 4

17. What is the significant of adults being able to identify correctly the nationality of an infant by listening to the infant's babbling?

A

Babbling takes on the sounds, rhythms, and intonation of the language the infant hears

B

Infants babble a limited set of sounds

C

Babbling shows evidence of the distributional properties of speech

D Babbling requires intersubjectivity

18. ESSAY QUESTION: Intelligence consists of a single trait. Discus the truth of this claim, referencing theories of intelligence in your answer. A

Discuss intelligence as a single trait (g)

B

Discuss intelligence as a few basic abilities (Cattell)

C

Discuss intelligence as several basic abilities (Thurstone)

D

Discuss multiple intelligence (Gardner)

E

Discuss a bit of everything

19. Sociocultural theory states: A people have different perspectives because they have different motivations B any neuron has the potential to serve any neural purpose C the child actively shapes and is shaped by their environment D people use their own mental mechanisms to calculate and predict others mental processes

20. Which of the following is not true of cliques? A

Similar to stereotyping

B

They are joined voluntarily

C

People in cliques share interests

D

They are transient

E

Act as a context for socialisation

21. Chi Square is a test statistic with it's own distribution that compares: A Systematic Variation in Categorical Data vs Unsystematic Variation in Continuous Data B Systematic Variation in Continuous Data vs Unsystematic Variation in Categorical Data C Systematic Variation in Continuous Data vs Unsystematic Variation in Continuous Data D Systematic Variation in Categorical Data vs Unsystematic Variation in Categorical Data

22. Sensorimotor: sub-stage 2 includes: A modifying reflexes and focusing on own body B organizing reflexes and integrating actions e.g. picking up something and putting it in mouth C begin of search for hidden objects (a not b error)

D repetition of actions that result in pleasurable results E active exploration of potential use of objects

23. Indicate which of the following statements are false. A

The distinction between types of measurements are blurry, i.e. we can sometimes measure continuous data as categorical.

B The mean of a categorical data is meaningless. C

Adjusted, standardised residuals are not equivalent to a z-score in a normal distribution.

D We always first assume the null hypothesis is true.

Given that the chi-square value is significant, adjusted, standardised residual tells you which cells were driving the association, which is also the use of z-scores in normal distributions as they allow you to standardise normal distributions so that you can compare your values.

24. Which best explains who individuals who have attained the formal operational stage may develop a taste for science fiction? A

They are better able to solve conservation tasks

B

The egocentricism that was prevalent in an earlier stage returns

C

Their expanding perspectives allow them to envision alternative realities

D

Understanding science fiction is a basic test administered by Piagetian theorists

25. Microgenetic design has the following features: A

people of different ages are studied at a single time

B

people are repeatedly examined over a long time

C

people are oberserved intensively over a short time while change is occuring

D

one infants is observed by its parents e.g. Darwin

26. In the strange situation experiment (Ainsworth et al., 1978), which of the following is not categorised as a type of attachment? A

Secure

B

Anxious-resistent

C

Anxious-persistent

D

Anxious-avoidant

27. The critical difference between Meiosis and Mitosis is A Mitosis is the replication of a single cell, Meiosis gives two gametes for both male and female B Mitosis is the replication of a single cell, Meiosis gives two sperm, or one egg C Mitosis is the replication of a single cell, Meiosis gives four gametes for both male and female D Recombination of DNA

Meiosis gives 4 sperm cells or one egg. The number of steps in the process is the same for male and female but 'polar bodies' produced in the female process die leaving a single egg. The critical difference between the two processes is that DNA within chromosomes recombine so that there is a 'shuffling' of the genes for Meiosis. Mitosis is just a straight copy process. D) is correct 28. Which of the following is true about the effect of social deprivation on childhood development ?

A

It always causes irreparable growth deficits.

B

It can cause lags in physical growth and the development of motor co-ordination.

C

It causes Marasmus.

D

Both A and B.

E

It has no biological effect on child development.

A- This is false, as per the lecture, when the child was placed in foster care, their developmental growth trajectory returned towards the mean. B- This is correct, too much stress and too little affection can cause lags in development C- Marasmus is a nutritional disease caused by insufficient protein and calorie intake and is not caused by social factors. D- A is incorrect E- Growth and motor development is affected by social deprivation

28. Fragile X-Syndrome is characterised by A

Mutation of the HEXA gene

B

Only having one X chromosome in each cell (n= 45, X0)

C

Mutation through expansion by a CGG repeat sequence in the FMRI gene

D

Up-regulation of the gene producing more Fragile X Mental Retardation protein

E

Girls suffer more than boys

A- Tay-Sachs Disease B- Turner Syndrome C- correct response D- the gene is silenced E- boys are affected more than girls

29. Test Reliability refers to A

ability to measure what the test is intended to measure

B

when your boyfriend does not fail your cheating test you put on him

C

consistent results on repeated occasions

D

I have to skip this one

30. Theories of social cognition ..

A

emphasize that other people and the surrounding culture contribute greatly to children’s development

B

focuse on how change occurs over time in complex systems. Constant change occurs. Focus on motivation and role Children highly motivated to explore the world around them ‘active child’.

C

D

focus on the structure of the cognitive system and the mental activities used to deploy attention and memory to solv Continuous development. Peoples thinking like computes is limited. Limitations: memory capacity, speed of thought availability of useful strategies. Cognitive development means reducing the limitations. Child as problem solver. -Task analysis: research technique of identifying goals and relevant info -Problem solving: attaining a goal by using a strategy to overcome an obstacle.

emphasize the process of self-socialization – children’s active shaping of their own development-. Active child, consta inferences from, interpretations and so regarding what they observe. Selman’s stage theory of role taking is one exam

a) sociocultural theories b) dynamic system models c) info-processing theories -> info out of prescribed book

31. Authoritarian parenting style is associated with... A Low self-confidence, poor social skills, and poor academic performance in the child B

High self-confidence and coping, popular and prosocial behaviours, and high academic achievem child

C Poor mental health, poor attachment and antisocial behaviour, poor academic performance in the D Impulsivity, risky behaviours, and low academic performance in the child

B: Authoritative style; C: Rejecting Style; D: Permissive Style

32. Which statement about network topology below is incorrect? A Networks are topologically complex at birth B

Their organisation changes over childhood and adolescence from a local architecture to a more diff topology

C Changes are underpinned by synaptic pruning, which leads to an increase in local connectivity D Changes are also underpinned by progressive myelination of long-range connectivity

synaptic pruning leads to DECREASE in local connectivity (lecture 17 brain development 2: summary slide)

33. Which of the following is TRUE regarding Null Hypothesis Testing? A We assume the null hypothesis is true when undertaking scientific research. B

We fit a statistical model to the data that represents the alternative hypothesis and the fit of the data to the model is analysed (analysis of the variance).

C If there is a small probability that a type 1 error has occurred we assume that the null hypothesis is supported. D A&B

1

4

2

53

E A&C

A- true, we assume there is no effect B- true, need to analyse the variance in the data to see if the IV is having an effect C- we assume the ALTERNATIVE hypothesis is supported in this case D- true as A and B are true D- false as C is false 34. What were the findings of Austin Riesen study on apoptosis in chimps? A

Infant chimps who were in the dark for up to 16 months experienced no cell atrophy

B

Even if the chimp was exposed to light before 7 months, total blindness still occured

C

Atrophy of the retina and neurons of the optic nerve were reversible

D

None of the above

A: they experienced atrophy of the retina and neurons of the optic nerve; B: atrophy was reversed if chimp was exposed to light before 7 months (Lecture: brain development 1)

35. At which of Piaget's Stages do children begin to understand conservation of mass, volume and number?

A

Sensorimotor

B

Preoperational

C

Concrete Operational

D

Formal Operational

Lecture 8 Children in the concrete operational stage master an understanding of conservation, transformations, classifications, seriation and deductive reasoning thus C is the correct response. Although children in the Formal Operational stage also have this understanding it begins in the Concrete Operational stage so therefore Option D is incorrect. 36. The genetic material an individual inherits is called the: A

chromosome

B

genome

C

phenotype

D

genotype

37. Verbs... A

...are the "head of the sentence"

B

...determine what the arguments (object and subject) are

C

...determine if the arguments are optional

D

All of the above

38. Which of the below is not an accurate interpretation of the findings of the van den Heuval et Al (2013) study on structural and functional connectivity networks in schizophrenia? ...