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BIOL2151 EXAM

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Section 1. Multiple choice questions (1 mark per question). Select the ONE best answer. Please use the computerized multiple-choice answer form. 1. The tetrapods A. are a monophyletic unit. B. include the amphibians and amniotes. C. do not include fishes. D. include humans. . All of the choices are correct. 2. How do the tube feet of sea stars and sea urchins operate? A. Sticky threads lead back to the mouth and primitive brain. B. Cilia transport hemolymph from chamber to chamber. C. Actin and myosin in muscles in the five arms or "rays" constrict the tube feet directly when stimulated by nerves from the sea star brain. . A hydraulic system regulates water pressure in the tube feet. E. Each tube foot is an independent organism and the sea star is a colonial mass. 3. The radula in molluscs A. not only rasps off fine food particles but also serves as a conveyor belt to carry food towards the digestive tract. B. replaces worn teeth by secreting new teeth at the posterior end. C. varies in number, pattern, and form of teeth, allowing species to be classified by this trait. D. may be modified to bore through hard materials. . All of the choices are correct. 4. A true coelom is lined entirely with mesoderm. What sort of tissue lines the pseudocoelom or blastocoelom? A. Mesoderm. . Endoderm. C. Ectoderm. D. Peritoneum. E. Parenchyma. 5. Which pair of structures in hydroids and bryozoans, respectively, is analogous? Dactylozoid and Vibraculum B. Gastrozooid and Avicularium C. Gonozoid and Autozoid D. Polyp and Zooecium E. Gastrozooid and Ovicell

side of a

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6. What is the total number of different phyla represented by all of the following? a sea anemone a sea cucumber a sea slug a sea star a sea urchin a sea horse A. 2 B. 3 .4 D. 5 E. 6 7. A v

is found on which of these animals?

A. Polyplacophoran. B. Cephalopod. C. Scyphozoan. Hydrozoan. E. Anthozoan. 8. Which phylum can be defined by the presence of a particular A. Annelida B. Arthropoda C. Mollusca D. Platyhelminthes . Porifera 9. Which of the following does not lay a shelled egg after fertilization? A. Lizard . Kangaroo C. Platypus D. Seagull E. Snake 10. Adult body symmetry is most similar in which pair of animals? A. Sponges and cnidarians. B. Cnidarians and solitary ascidians. . D. Solitary ascideans and asteroids. E. Onychophorans and solitary hydrozoans.

e?

BIOL2151 EXAM

11. The crinoids A. have the most primitive characters of their phylum. B. have far fewer living species than are found in the fossil record. C. include the shallow-water feather stars of tropical oceans. D. include sea lilies that resemble a stalked flower. . All of the choices are correct. 12. What does the blastopore become on a flatworm? . The mouth. B. The head. C. The mesoderm. D. The parenchyma. E. The gastrocoel. 13. In a T.S. (transverse section) of amphioxus (Branchiostoma) the structures seen from dorsal to ventral would be in which order? A. notochord, nerve cord, digestive tract. B. notochord, digestive tract, nerve cord. . nerve cord, notochord, digestive tract. D. nerve cord, digestive tract, notochord. E. none of the above. 14. Several phyla contain species that form colonies of individuals by budding. Which feature would be sufficient to distinguish a colonial cnidarian from a colonial chordate? A. A blastula stage B. A gastrula stage . An anus D. Asexual reproduction E. Sexual reproduction 15. Which feature is shared by Echinodermata and Chordata? A. Blastopore becomes the mouth B. Notochord . Radial cleavage D. Radially symmetrical larval stages E. Schizocoely 16. The subphylum Urochordata includes the classes A. Ascidiacea, Petromyzontida, and Myxini. B. Larvacea, Cephalochordacea, and Myxini. C. Ascidiacea, Myxini, and Thaliacea. D. Thaliacea, Petromyzontida, and Calcichordata. Ascidiacea, Larvacea, and Thaliacea.

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BIOL2151 EXAM

17. Significant numbers of parasitic species are found in which taxon? A. Cestoda B. Hirudinidae C. Monogenea D. Trematoda . All of the above 18. Although several invertebrate groups have been proposed as chordate ancestors, most zoologists now believe the embryological evidence indicates the chordates have probably descended from ancestors nearest the ___________ lineage. A. Arthropoda B. Cnidaria . Echinodermata D. Annelida-Mollusca E. Lophophorate 19. Of the following phyla, which include filter feeders? 1. Porifera 2. Platyhelminthes 3. Annelida 4. Mollusca A. Only 1 and 3 B. Only 1, 2, and 4 . Only 1, 3, and 4 D. Only 1 E. 1, 2, 3, and 4 20. Which of the following are not characteristic of the primates? A. Arboreal lifestyle. B. Stereoscopic vision. C. Opposable thumbs. . Loss of digits in the hindlimb. E. Vocal cords. 21. The perforated pharynx of chordates first evolved as a device for A. support. B. respiration. . suspension or filter feeding. D. detecting odors. E. All of the choices are correct.

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22. The smaller the mammal A. the less oxygen it uses per gram of body weight. B. the lower its metabolic rate. C. the less food it needs to consume per gram of its body weight. the more food it needs to consume per gram of its body weight. E. the less it needs lungs. 23.Which of the following larval forms is matched with a taxon in which it does not occur? A. ammocoete: Class Petromyzontida B. trochophore: Polychaetes C. planula: Phylum Cnidaria D. nauplius: Subphylum Crustacea veliger: Class Cephalopoda 24. Which group of animals first evolved flight? A. Birds B. Bats C. Pterosaurs Arthropods E. Cephalopods 25. The anapsid skull is characterized by A. two pair of openings separated by a bony arch. B. a single pair of openings and a bony arch. no temporal openings and the skull roofed with dermal bone. D. three pairs of openings to accommodate the nerves from an expanding sensory system. E. a beak-like process that associates the turtles and the birds. 26. A lamprey, a shark, a tortoise and a rabbit share all the following characteristics except: A. vertebrae. B. a dorsal hollow nerve cord. C. a post-anal tail. D. gill structures in the embryo or adult. . hinged jaws. 27. Which of the following taxa is matched with a feature not found in that taxon? A. Trematoda: syncytial tegument B. Porifera: choanocytes Annelida: tagmatization D. Chilopoda: metamerism E. Gastropoda: spiral cleavage

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28. The vertebral column of a bird has been modified so it is A. much longer and more flexible. B. springy and elastic to store energy for flight. rigid with many vertebrae fused together. D. broad to assist in aerodynamic lift. E. no longer connected to the ribs. 29. Which of the following mammals are incorrectly paired? A. Platypus, echidna B. Man, gorilla Seal, humpback whale D. Rhinoceros, horse E. Cat, dog 30. The most diverse group of fishes is the ay-finned fishes. B. lung-fishes. C. lobe-finned fishes. D. cartilaginous fishes. E. None of the choices is correct. 31. Which of the following changes from the generalized molluscan condition occurred in the evolution of the Gastropoda? A. Cephalization. B. Dorsoventral elongation of the body. C. Conversion of the shell from a shield to a deep protective housing. D. Torsion or twisting of the body 180 degrees counter-clockwise. All of the above. 32. Which of the following structures is matched with a taxon in which it does not occur? A. biramous appendages: Crustacea B. madreporite: Ophiuroidea C. chorion: Reptilia lantois: Amphibia E. respiratory tree: Holothuroidea 33. What feature(s) separates a shark from a carp? A. Operculum versus gill slits B. Cartilage versus bones C. Internal versus external fertilization D. No swim bladder versus swim bladder l of the choices are correct distinctions

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34. Unique characteristics of echinoderms include all of the following EXCEPT A. an endoskeleton of plates or ossicles. marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species. C. pedicellariae. D. dermal brachiae. E. a water-vascular system. 35. In sponges, the leuconoid condition probably evolved multiple times from different ancestors that did not have the leuconoid condition. Therefore, if we tried to make a taxon from all of the leuconoid sponges, that taxon would be: A. divergent B. monophyletic C. ancestral rather than derived polyphyletic E. pseudophyletic 36. Which of the following have antennae? A. Insects B. Spiders C. Crustaceans . A and C E. A, B, and C 37. Which of these is NOT a class of the echinoderms? A. Crinoidea B. Echinoidea C. Ophiuroidea . Cephaloidea E. Holothuroidea 38. The mechanism whereby buoyancy is achieved in different kinds of fishes is A. through the presence of a large, oily liver when a swim bladder is not present. B. through the presence of a swim bladder that is kept filled as the fish periodically swims to the surface and gulps air. C. through the presence of a swim bladder that is regulated internally by structures that add or remove air from the bladder by capillary beds. A, B, and C are all methods for achieving buoyancy. E. None of the choices is correct.

BIOL2151 EXAM

39. Which of the following is characteristic of all flatworms? A. No cilia . No coelom C. No gut D. No mesoderm E. No nerves 40. The traditional Class Reptilia was a paraphyletic group because A. they do not have a common ancestry. B. they have a common ancestry. they do not include all descendants of their most recent common ancestor. D. they include all descendants of their most recent common ancestor. E. they include some extinct species.

A. Hirudinidae B. Bivalvia C. Cestoda Porifera E. Hydrozoa 42. Which of the following is a true statement? ochordates may be solitary or colonial. B. Cephalochordates are covered with a tough outer layer called a tunic. C. Sea squirts have a blind gut. D. A salp is a larval urochordate. E. Lancelets are predators. 43. The mesohyl in the Porifera is similar to and serves the same function as which of the following? The parenchyma in flatworms B. The coelom in molluscs C. The syncytial tegument of flatworms D. The peritoneum of annelids E. The mantle in molluscs 44. Which animals are not A. Turbellarians. B. Polyplacophora. Cestoda. D. Hirudinidae. E. Oligochaetes.

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BIOL2151 EXAM

45. A duckbilled platypus is an exception to many mammals because it doesn't give live birth but lays eggs. B. is "cold-blooded" or not homeothermic/endothermic. C. lacks hair. D. doesn't secrete milk. E. All of the choices are correct. 46. You have learned about many structures and tissues that serve as support structures in animals. Which of the following does not serve as a support structure? A. The mesoglea in cnidarian medusae. B. The coelom in annelids. C. The spongin in sponges. D. The spicules in sponges. The syncytial tegument in flatworms. 47. The tuatara A. is found in southwestern United States. B. is snakelike in its features. C. is the only surviving dinosaur relative. . has a primitive third eye. E. All of the choices are correct. 48. Which is NOT a correct association of mammalian glands and functions? A. Scent glands-mark territory, defense, etc. B. Eccrine glands-cool by evaporation. C. Apocrine glands-secrete a milky film in cue with the reproductive cycle. D. Sebaceous glands-form an oil that keeps the skin pliable. Mammary glands-sexual attraction. 49. Which of the following arose after the Cambrian explosion? A. Trilobites. nsects. C. Cnidarians. D. Sponges. E. Shelled molluscs. 50. Which of the following is the correct order of events? A. The first prokaryotes, the first eukaryotes, extinction of dinosaurs, the first mammals. B. Aerobic respiration, the first eukaryotes, the first jawed fishes, colonization of land. C. Cambrian explosion, colonization of land, the first reptiles, the first amphibians. D. Cambrian explosion, the first amphibians, the first mammals, the first reptiles. The first eukaryotes, aerobic respiration, colonization of land, the first jawed fishes.

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Section 2. Short answer questions. Ten (10) marks per question. Please answer in the space provided. ANSWER ANY FIVE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. CROSS OUT THE THREE YOU ARE NOT ANSWERING. IF YOU ANSWER MORE THAN FIVE, ONLY THE FIRST FIVE WILL BE MARKED. Question 1 1. Draw a labelled sketch of the basic body plan of the “ancestral mollusc” to show the main features that are characteristic of the Mollusca. 2. To what Classes of molluscs do the following belong? a. An edible mussel b. A squid 3. For the edible mussel and the squid, briefly describe how the body structure differs from that of the basic body plan of the “ancestral mollusc”, and how these changes are adapted to their feeding habits, lifestyle and the environment in which they live. YOUR NAME

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Question 2 1. Draw a sketch of a cephalochordate and clearly label the chordate characteristics seen in the body structure. 2. To what taxonomic Class of fishes do the following belong? (i) a lamprey (ii) a shark (iii) a salmon. Compare and contrast the characteristics of these 3 fishes with reference to the characteristics of their taxonomic class. You may consider presenting this in the form of a table. YOUR NAME

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Question 3 1. The mammals are grouped into (1) the Monotremes (2) the Metatherians and (3) the Eutherians. What major characteristics are these groupings based on? 2. State an example animal for each of the groupings above. 3. Briefly describe the main structural adaptations seen in (a) herbivorous mammals and (b) insectivorous mammals, based on their feeding habit. Sketches will assist your answer. YOUR NAME

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Question 4 Ephyra (A)

Strobilating Polyp (D)

Cercaria (1)

Redia (5)

Medusa (B)

Metacercarial Cyst (2)

Miracidium (4) Larva (C)

Scyphozoan Life Cycle

Adult Fluke (3)

Trematode Life Cycle

YOUR NAME 1. If asexual reproduction occurs in the scyphozoan life cycle (above), name the letter of one stage in which it occurs. Otherwise, write "Does not occur."

2. If sexual reproduction occurs in the scyphozoan life cycle, name the letter of one stage in which it occurs. Otherwise, write "Does not occur."

3. Name the letter of one stage in the scyphozoan life cycle that is benthic.

4. If asexual reproduction occurs in the trematode life cycle (above), name the number of one stage in which it occurs. Otherwise, write "Does not occur."

5. If sexual reproduction occurs in the trematode life cycle, name the number of one stage in which it occurs. Otherwise, write "Does not occur."

6. Name the number of one stage in the trematode life cycle that occurs in the definitive host.

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Question 5 Porifera

Cnidaria

Nematoda

Annelida

Mollusca I

J H

F

D

Platyhelminthes

K

B G E C A

Above is a cladogram showing invertebrate phyla, with the heavy lines indicating synapomorphies (shared-derived characters that define each clade). On the lines below, write one character for each synapomorphy; in other words, one trait that occurs only in that clade. You'll notice that this cladogram is drawn with the phyla in a different order than the one we used in lecture, but it expresses the same phylogenetic relationships. Also, the cladogram in lecture was not labelled with this many synapomorphies, but you have learned unique traits for each of these branches. YOUR NAME A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K.

BIOL2151 EXAM

Question 6 YOUR NAME 1. Describe two advantages of the arthropod exoskeleton.

2. Describe one disadvantage of the arthropod exoskeleton.

3. Explain the process of molting, including what happens before the exoskeleton is shed, how it is shed, and what happens after it is shed.

4. The thickness and stiffness of the arthropod exoskeleton is highly variable, even on an individual animal. a. Describe two places on the body where the exoskeleton is particularly thin and/or flexible, and explain why this is advantageous.

b. Describe two places on the body where the exoskeleton is particularly thick and/or inflexible, and explain why this is advantageous.

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Question 7 Cephalochordata

Chondrichthyes

Myxini Urochordata

Sarcopterygii

Reptilia Amphibia

Petromyzontida

Actinopterygii

J

H

I

C

Mammalia

K

G F E D

A

B

Above is a cladogram of the Chordata, with heavy lines indicating synapomorphies. On the lines below, write one character for each synapomorphy. You'll notice that the cladogram in lecture was not labelled with this many synapomorphies, but you have learned unique traits for each of these branches. YOUR NAME A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L.

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Question 8 YOUR NAME 1. List four traits that are shared by the lophophorate phyla (other than bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, having a complete gut, or anything trivial such as "they are animals").

2. Name the three lophophorate phyla and for each one describe a trait that is not possessed by the other lophophorate phyla.

3a. Describe in words the phylogenetic position(s) of the lophophorate phyla; in other words, to which phyla are they most closely related?

b. On what basis have these phylogenetic relationships been determined?

c. Why has the phylogenetic position(s) of the lophophorates been controversial?...