Sample/practice exam 2019, questions and answers PDF

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Ch15 TB1 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. The bizarre procedure of ____________, where small holes were chiseled in people's heads to allow evil spirits to escape, was discussed in the context of historical perspectives on deviant behavior. ฀ ฀ A. lobotomy B. trephination C. psychosurgery D. spirit elimination 2. In the past people used to think that mental disorders where caused by a possession from evil spirits. Which of the following treatments for abnormal behaviors involved the process of chiseling a small hole in the head of the individual in an attempt to release the evil spirit trapped inside? ฀ ฀ A. a lobotomy. B. trephination. C. primitive psychological surgery. D. spirit elimination. 3. People in ancient China and Egypt most likely held which of the following views on abnormal behavior? ฀ ฀ A. Psychological disorders are caused by supernatural forces. B. Psychological disorders are caused by biological abnormalities. C. Psychological disorders are caused by stressful environments. D. Psychological disorders are caused by physical and psychological vulnerabilities. 4. In medieval Europe the demonological model of abnormal behavior assumes that psychological disorders are caused by: ฀ ฀ A. distorted thinking. B. physical abnormalities. C. dysfunctional environments. D. possession by the devil. 5. The killing of witches was justified on which of the following grounds? ฀ A. psychoanalytic B. theological C. behavioral D. cognitive

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6. The disease ______________ has great historical significance because it provided the first demonstration of a psychological disorder with a clear biological cause. ฀ ฀ A. glove anesthesia B. agoraphobia C. general paresis D. insanity 7. When looking at the historical evolution of attitudes toward psychological disorders, general paresis is a disease with great significance because it: ฀ ฀ A. provided the first evidence of a psychological disorder with a biological cause. B. showed how psychological factors can produce actual physical abnormalities. C. provided the first evidence supporting the vulnerability-stress model. D. demonstrated how psychological factors can create physical symptoms that have no identifiable biological cause.

8. Trephination is to demonological as general paresis is to: ฀ A. evolutionary. B. biological. C. psychoanalytic. D. demonological.

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9. When treating a person with a psychological disorder, a therapist makes the assumption that the person's difficulties stem in large part from his inappropriate use of compulsion and obsession. This therapist most likely identifies with the ___________ perspective of psychological disorders. ฀ ฀ A. cognitive B. behavioral C. sociocultural D. psychodynamic 10. A recent immigrant to the United States has been having some problems, and after some initial hesitation, decides to see a therapist for some assistance. After the interview, the therapist makes a particular diagnosis and is discussing the case with a colleague when the colleague raises some concerns. She points out that the therapist may need to reconsider his diagnosis because the behaviors involved are much more common and are even considered "normal" in the country from which the person came. The views of the colleague are most consistent with the ___________ perspective on psychological disorders. ฀ ฀ A. sociocultural B. behavioral C. biological D. cognitive 11. Which of the following is most relevant to illustrating that personal and situational factors can interact with one another? ฀ ฀ A. the example of general paresis B. learned helplessness theory C. trauma-dissociation theory D. the vulnerability-stress model 12. In the vulnerability-stress model of psychological disorders, vulnerabilities: ฀ A. are only biological factors. B. are only biological or psychological factors. C. are only environmental factors. D. can be biological, psychological, or environmental factors.

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13. Many psychologists who study abnormal behavior assert that biological, psychological, or environmental predispositions called ____________ can combine with current or recent events to produce psychological disorders. ฀ ฀ A. stressors B. handicaps C. vulnerabilities D. traumatic events 14. Sara lost both of her parents when she was a young child. Primarily because of this historical factor, she develops an anxiety disorder when she learns that the life of her best friend is threatened by cancer. This example best illustrates: ฀ ฀ A. learned helplessness. B. the vulnerability-stress model. C. the demonological perspective. D. trauma-dissociation theory.

15. All of the following were mentioned as one of the three Ds that typically influence judgments regarding abnormal behavior, EXCEPT: ฀ ฀ A. distressing B. dysfunctional C. deviance D. distinctive 16. The fact that people with psychological disorders usually experience suffering that is long-lasting or disproportionate to the situation best demonstrates how psychologists often use the amount of ____________ present to make judgments about abnormal behaviors. ฀ ฀ A. deviance B. dysfunction C. distress D. distinctiveness 17. The text defines abnormal behavior as containing all of the following elements, EXCEPT: ฀ A. it is psychologically determined. B. it is personally distressing. C. it is personally dysfunctional. D. it is culturally deviant.

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18. An important thing to keep in mind when using the "Three Ds" to classify abnormal behavior is that: ฀ ฀ A although they have been used extensively by psychologists, research suggests that they are a poor way . to classify abnormal behavior. B. each criterion by itself is sufficient to classify a behavior as abnormal. C. all of the criteria must be present to classify a behavior as abnormal. D. none of the criteria by themselves are necessary or sufficient to classify a behavior as abnormal. 19. Which of the following occurs when unacceptable impulses threaten to overwhelm the ego's defenses and explode into consciousness or action? ฀ ฀ A. neurotic anxiety B. depression C. phobias D. compulsions 20. Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in people who have highly reactive nervous systems that quickly produce anxiety responses to stressors? ฀ ฀ A. glutamate B. dopamine C. serotonin D. GABA 21. Within anxiety disorders, which of the following types of theorists stress the role of maladaptive thought processes and beliefs? ฀ ฀ A. cognitive B. psychodynamic C. behavioral D. sociocultural 22. The importance of culture is emphasized by which of the following? ฀ A. global wide disorders B. culture generalized disorders C. culture-bound disorders D. culture-independent disorders

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23. In the DSM-IV-TR, Axis I contains the assessment of: ฀ A. personality or developmental disorders. B. current clinical symptoms. C. global functioning. D. environmental stressors.

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24. The DSM-IV-TR uses Axis _____ to note relevant physical conditions. ฀ A. I B. II C. III D. IV

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25. During a psychological assessment, a client shares that she just lost her job and recently ended a longterm romantic relationship. A psychologist using the DSM-IV-TR would record such information on: ฀ A. Axis I B. Axis II C. Axis III D. Axis IV 26. Divorce is to current symptoms as: ฀ A. Axis I is to Axis III. B. Axis III is to Axis II. C. Axis IV is to Axis I. D. Axis II is to Axis V.

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27. One of the significant criticisms of the DSM-IV-TR is that the criteria for disorders are so detailed that many people, as many as ____________ percent, do not fit neatly into the categories. ฀ ฀ A. 30 B. 40 C. 50 D. 60 28. One of the detrimental effects of ______________ is that it can generate negative perceptions in both the person being diagnosed and in others who interact with the person. ฀ ฀ A. low reliability B. low validity C. diagnostic labeling D. comorbidity 29. Which of the following is a consequence of diagnostic labeling? ฀ ฀ A. People accept the label as an accurate description of the individual rather than the behavior. B. People diagnosed are doomed to a life of ridicule and torment. C. Others may treat someone with a psychiatric diagnosis positively. D. A psychiatric label typically increases the quality of a person's life. 30. David Rosenhan (1973) conducted a study in which he and several colleagues got themselves admitted to mental institutions and once they were in the hospitals, they acted normally. The results from this study revealed that: ฀ ฀ A. they were quickly identified as mentally healthy individuals and asked to leave. B. diagnostic labels appeared to greatly influence how their normal behavior was interpreted. C. just being in this type of environment served to create some of the initial symptoms of psychological disorders. D. this methodology was effective in allowing them to study the abnormal behaviors of other people in the institution.

31. The David Rosenhan study in which healthy individuals got themselves admitted to psychiatric wards by pretending to hear strange voices is most relevant to which of the following? ฀ ฀ A. culture-bound disorders B. the relative trade-offs between reliability and validity C. the demonological perspective on abnormal behavior D. the consequences of diagnostic labeling 32. The legal term ______________ refers to a person's state of mind at a trial or hearing, whereas the term ______________ is concerned with a person's mental state at the time a crime was committed. ฀ ฀ A. competency; insanity B. competency; fitness C. adequacy; insanity D. insanity; competency 33. When considering the concept of insanity, it is important to remember that: ฀ ฀ A. it is an Axis II disorder that has substantial overlap with other Axis I and Axis II disorders. B. whereas it has strong reliability, its validity has not yet been fully established. C. it refers to a defendant's state of mind at the time of a trial, not when the crime was committed. D. it is a legal term, not a psychological term. 34. The term competency is most concerned with: ฀ ฀ A. the severity of the Axis I or II disorder(s) with which a person has been diagnosed. B. whether a person can meaningfully appreciate the wrongfulness of their acts. C. a person's current state of mind at the time of a trial or hearing. D. a person's state of mind at the time of a crime. 35. Competency is to insanity as: ฀ ฀ A. wrongfulness is to inability to control behavior. B. trial is to crime. C. crime is to sanity. D. hallucinations are to dementia. 36. Staci tends to worry a lot. She is frequently thinking about how other people may think less of her or may do things that will embarrass or humiliate her. These thoughts serve to keep Staci anxious a great deal of the time and best demonstrate the ____________ component of anxiety. ฀ ฀ A. physiological B. cognitive C. behavioral D. environmental 37. Someone who avoids social situations and refrains from speaking in class because of social anxiety is demonstrating the _______________ component of anxiety. ฀ ฀ A. cognitive B. environmental C. physiological D. behavioral 38. Which of the following would be classified as parts of the biological component of anxiety? ฀ A. thoughts about being embarrassed or humiliated B. a feeling of the inability to cope with a situation C. increased heart rate and sweaty palms D. avoidance of particular social situations 39. Which of the following best illustrates the subjective-emotional component of anxiety? ฀ A. thoughts about being embarrassed or humiliated B. feelings of tension and apprehension C. increased heart rate and sweaty palms D. avoidance of particular social situations

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40. ______________ is a strong and irrational fear that is evoked in response to a particular situation. ฀ A. A phobia B. Generalized anxiety disorder C. A somatoform disorder D. Panic disorder

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41. Someone who is afraid to leave their house because they are afraid of being in public places would most likely be diagnosed as having: ฀ ฀ A. generalized anxiety disorder. B. agoraphobia. C. environmental phobia. D. social phobia. 42. According to the text, the most common types of phobias in Western society are: ฀ A. animal phobias, environmental phobias, and situational phobias. B. situational phobias, illness phobias, and agoraphobia. C. animal phobias, social phobia, and specific phobias. D. agoraphobia, social phobia, and specific phobias.

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43. A chronic state of diffuse or "free-floating" anxiety is most central to the psychological disorder called: ฀ ฀ A. generalized anxiety disorder. B. panic disorder. C. social phobia. D. agoraphobia. 44. Roger is tense and anxious almost everyday. Although he is frequently worried and often has the sense that something bad is about to happen, he can't relate his anxiety to any particular situation or setting. He has difficulty getting restful sleep at night and often takes antacids for his upset stomach. Roger would most likely be diagnosed as having: ฀ ฀ A. social phobia. B. an environmental or situational phobia. C. generalized anxiety disorder. D. posttraumatic stress disorder. 45. A key difference between generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and a phobia is that: ฀ ฀ A.a phobia usually only includes the cognitive component of anxiety whereas GAD typically has all four components of anxiety. B. a phobia is triggered by a specific object or situation whereas GAD is not. C. the anxiety associated with GAD is significantly more intense than the anxiety associated with phobias. D. a phobia is an Axis I disorder, whereas GAD is an Axis II disorder. 46. Panic disorder is different from generalized anxiety disorder in that with panic disorder, the feelings of anxiety are ______________ and are usually __________ intense. ฀ ฀ A. quite predictable; less B. quite predictable; more C. unpredictable; less D. unpredictable; more 47. Jason is sitting in class listening to a lecture when suddenly, for no apparent reason, he starts to become very anxious and tense. His heart begins pounding, his breathing becomes short, and he starts to sweat profusely. After a few minutes, his mind begins racing with thoughts that he might be dying. Jason randomly suffers from an attack like this about three times a month. Assuming that there is no physical abnormality that is responsible for these symptoms, Jason would most likely be diagnosed as having: ฀ ฀ A. social phobia. B. agoraphobia. C. panic disorder. D. generalized anxiety disorder.

48. People who have panic disorder will often also develop ______________ because they fear having a panic attack in public. ฀ ฀ A. social anxiety B. agoraphobia C. posttraumatic stress disorder D. generalized anxiety disorder 49. Annette is very afraid of germs and disease, so much so that she washes her hands over 100 times a day to make sure that she avoids infection. Usually she doesn't show much anxiety, but if she is in a place where she is unable to clean her hands, such as the wilderness, she can become very distressed and upset. Annette would most likely be diagnosed as having: ฀ ฀ A. obsessive-compulsive disorder. B. schizophrenia, paranoid type. C. generalized anxiety. D. a health-related phobia. 50. Jim often has the fear that he has left the gas stove on in his house and that because of this his house will burn down and kill his family. As a result, he frequently checks and rechecks the knobs on his stove all day long and often in the middle of the night. In this example, Jim's thoughts about his house burning down would best be considered as an example of a(n): ฀ ฀ A. compulsion. B. situational phobia. C. mania. D. obsession. 51. Obsession is to compulsion as: ฀ ฀ A. subjective-emotional is to behavioral. B. cognitive is to behavioral. C. physiological is to cognitive. D. behavioral is to subjective-emotional. 52. Although they can occur independently, _________________ frequently accompany obsessions and appear to serve the function of reducing the anxiety created by such disturbing thoughts. ฀ ฀ A. manias B. hallucinations C. compulsions D. delusions 53. Which of the following statements regarding obsessive-compulsive disorder is FALSE? ฀ A. Obsessions are usually triggered by external stimuli or situations. B. Compulsions are typically irrational. C. Obsessions are usually very difficult if not impossible to control. D. Obsessions are unwelcome thoughts that intrude into consciousness.

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54. Flashbacks in dreams and personal guilt about surviving fatal catastrophes are both common features of: ฀ ฀ A. posttraumatic stress disorder. B. schizophrenia. C. panic disorder. D. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

55. Gene is a child who recently immigrated to the United States from a war-torn country where he lived in several refugee camps. Before arriving in the United States, he witnessed many atrocities and was frequently worried about his safety and the safety of his family. After immigrating, he was constantly anxious during school and suffered from frequent nightmares. A school psychologist would most likely conclude that Gene has: ฀ ฀ A. generalized anxiety disorder. B. panic disorder. C. agoraphobia. D. posttraumatic stress disorder. 56. The psychological disorder called _____________ was created in part from studies of soldiers who had been subjected to the horrors of war. ฀ ฀ A. schizophrenia B. posttraumatic stress disorder C. generalized anxiety disorder D. somatoform disorder 57. PTSD and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are similar in that: ฀ ฀ A. both are characterized by a diffuse or free-floating anxiety that is difficult to associate with a particular cause. B. anxiety in both conditions is triggered exclusively by exposure to external cues or situations. C. both usually involve intrusive or unwanted thoughts. D. both are diagnostically defined by irrational and ritualistic behaviors that function to eliminate anxiety. 58. David Barlow and other researchers speculate that people with a genetic predisposition to ____________ may have nervous systems that are overly sensitive to threat signals. ฀ ฀ A. depression B. schizophrenia C. anxiety D. somatoform disorders 59. Research studies suggest that there is a genetic predisposition for anxiety disorders, and it has been suggested that this vulnerability may take the form of a: ฀ ฀ A. nervous system that overreacts to perceived threats. B. nervous system that under-reacts to perceived threats. C. chronically over-aroused nervous system. D. chronically under-aroused nervous system. 60. Studies suggest that people suffering from anxiety disorders may have lower levels of ________ in their nervous systems, which may cause them to be overly sensitive to signals of threat. ฀ ฀ A. dopamine B. acetylcholine C. serotonin D. gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 61. Anxiety disorders are _____________ prevalent in women than in men, and theorists speculate that this difference is most likely a result of ______________ factors. ฀ ฀ A. more; an interaction between personal, biological, and social B. more; primarily biological C. less; primarily environmental D. less; an interaction between personal, biological, and social 62. Research by Peter Lewinsohn revealed that after controlling for 11 different psychosocial factors, there was still a substantial sex difference in the prevalence of anxiety disorders in men and women, indicating the possible role that _____________ factors may play with this disorder. ฀ ฀ A. social B. biological C. cultural D. psychological

63. According to Sigmund Freud, ______________ anxiety occurs when unacceptable impulses threaten to overwhelm the ego's defenses and explode into consciousness or action. ฀ ฀ A. unconscious B. defensive C. repressive D. neurotic 64. A psychodynamic interpretation of ___________ asserts that neurotic anxiety from an unconscious conflict gets displaced and associated with an external stimulus. ฀ ฀ A. phobias B. generalized anxiety disorder C. obsessive-compulsive disorder D. panic disorder 65. Which perspective would be most likely to emphasize the tendency to catastrophize about situational demands...