Sample questions - renal physiology PDF

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Renal Physiology, Sample questions 1. Which is NOT part of the system? A. uterus B. urethra C. ureter D. bladder 2 structures are located in the medulla of the kidney? A. glomerulus incl. capsule and glomerular capillaries B. proximal tubule C. glomerulus proximal tubule D. glomerulus proximal tubul...

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Renal&Physiology,&Sample&questions& ! 1.!Which!is!NOT!part!of!the!renal/urinary!system?! A.!uterus! B.!urethra! C.!ureter! D.!bladder! ! 2.Which!structures!are!located!in!the!medulla!of!the!kidney?! A.!glomerulus!incl.!Bowman’s!capsule!and!glomerular!capillaries! B.!proximal!tubule! C.!glomerulus!+!proximal!tubule! D.!glomerulus!+!proximal!tubule!+!distal!tubule! E.!collecting!tubule!and!loop!of!Henle! F.!glomerulus!+!proximal!tubule!+!distal!tubule+!collecting!tubule!and!loop!of!Henle! ! !3.!Which!of!the!following!composes!the!juxtaglomerular!apparatus?! A.!proximal!and!distal!tubule! ! B.!loop!of!Henle!+!distal!tubule! C.!macula!densa!+!juxtaglomerular!cells! D.!afferent!artery!+!glomerulus! ! 4.!Which!of!the!following!favors!filtration?! A.!high!blood!pressure!in!glomerular!capillaries! B.!high!osmotic!pressure!in!glomerular!capillaries! C.!high!pressure!in!Bowman’s!capsule! ! 5.!Which!of!the!following!is!the!largest?! A.!total!blood!volume! ! B.!fluid!filtered!into!Bowman’s!capsule!each!day! C.!volume!of!urine!produced!each!day! D.!volume!reabsorbed!across!proximal!tubule!into!blood!each!day! ! 6.!Diabetes!leads!to!glucose!in!the!urine!because! A.!proximal!tubule!reabsorbs!less!glucose!than!normal.! B.!proximal!tubule!secretes!glucose!instead!of!reabsorbing!glucose.! C.!blood!glucose!concentrations!are!elevated,!and!proximal!tubule!cannot!reabsorb! all!the!filtered!glucose.! D.!blood!glucose!concentrations!are!elevated,!causing!damage!to!the!glomerular! capillary!membranes!and!leakage!of!glucose!and!extra!fluid!into!the!renal!tubules.! ! 7.!Filtration!occurs!in!the!___,!most!reabsorption!occurs!in!the!___,!and!urine!is! transported!from!the!kidney!to!the!bladder!in!the!___.! A.!proximal!tubule,!distal!tubule,!urethra! B.!glomerulus,!proximal!tubule,!ureter! C.!afferent!arteriole,!loop!of!Henle,!collecting!tubule! ! 8.!What!is!the!relationship!of!the!pressures!in!the!aorta,!glomerular!capillaries,! tissue!capillaries!and!vena!cava?! A.!Pvena!cava!>!Ptissue!caps!>!Pglomerular!caps!>!aorta! B.!Pglomerular!caps!>!Ptissue!caps!>!Paorta!>!Pvena!cava!

C.!Paorta!>!Pglomerular!caps!>!Ptissue!caps!>!vena!cava! ! 9.!Which!of!the!following!is!freely!filtered!in!the!glomerulus!into!Bowman’s!capsule! and!reabsorbed!entirely!in!proximal!tubule?! A.!water! B.!sodium! C.!chloride! D.!urea! E.!glucose! ! 10.!When!amino!acids!and!vitamins!are!reabsorbed!in!the!proximal!tubule,!these! substances!are!transported!into!the! A.!distal!tubule! ! B.!collecting!tubule! ! C.!glomerular!capillaries! D.!peritubular!capillaries! ! 11.!Glucose!reabsorption!occurs!in!the!____!by!_____.! A.!proximal!tubule,!cotransport! B.!distal!tubule,!passive!transport! C.!proximal!tubule,!osmosis! D.!distal!tubule,!active!transport! ! 12.!Osmotic!concentration!in!the!kidney!is!highest!in!the! A.!glomerulus!!!B.!proximal!tubule! C.!distal!tubule!!D.!medulla!near!loop!of!Henle! ! ! 13.!ADH!is!secreted!from!the!_____!into!the!____.! A.!anterior!pituitary!gland,!brain! B.!anterior!pituitary,!blood! C.!posterior!pituitary!gland,!blood! D.!posterior!pituitary!gland,!cerebrospinal!fluid!! ! 14.!ADH!cause!water!permeability!of!the!___!to!____!and!urine!production!to!___.! A.!proximal!tubule,!increase,!decrease! B.!distal!tubule,!decrease,!increase! C.!collecting!tubule,!increase,!decrease! ! 15.!Blocking!production!of!renin!in!juxtaglomerular!cells!might!cause!a!number!of! effects.!What!happens!to! A.!angiotensin!concentration!in!the!blood,!increase,!decrease!or!no!change?! B.!aldosterone!concentration!in!the!blood,!increase,!decrease!or!no!change?! C.!Na!transport!by!the!distal!tubule!and!collecting!ducts,!increase,!decrease!or!no! change?! D.!urine!production,!increase,!decrease!or!no!change?! ! 16.!For!the!following!molecules!or!hormones,!know!where!they!are!produced,!what! causes!their!release!or!conversion,!and!what!do!they!do!to!their!target!tissues?! Angiotensinogen!and!angiotensin,!aldosterone,!ADH,!insulin,!glucagon,!epinephrine!! ! 17.!Which!of!the!following!will!help!you!compensate!for!diarrhea!with!resulting!loss! of!excess!bicarbonate!(metabolic!acidosis)?! A.!Altered!breathing! ! ! ! ! B.!buffers!in!the!blood! ! C.!increased!acid!excretion!by!the!kidney! ! D.!all!of!the!above! !

18.!Which!of!the!following!will!help!you!compensate!for!lung!obstruction!with! resulting!buildup!of!CO2!and!acid!in!the!blood!(respiratory!acidosis)?! A.!Altered!breathing! ! ! ! ! B.!buffers!in!the!blood! ! C.!increased!base!excretion!by!the!kidney! ! D.!all!of!the!above! !

Answers& ! 1.!Which!is!NOT!part!of!the!renal/urinary!system?! A.!uterus! B.!urethra! C.!ureter! D.!bladder! ! 2.Which!structures!are!located!in!the!medulla!of!the!kidney?! A.!glomerulus!incl.!Bowman’s!capsule!and!glomerular!capillaries! B.!proximal!tubule! C.!glomerulus!+!proximal!tubule! D.!glomerulus!+!proximal!tubule!+!distal!tubule! E.!collecting!tubule!and!loop!of!Henle! F.!glomerulus!+!proximal!tubule!+!distal!tubule+!collecting!tubule!and!loop!of!Henle! ! !3.!Which!of!the!following!composes!the!juxtaglomerular!apparatus?! A.!proximal!and!distal!tubule! ! B.!loop!of!Henle!+!distal!tubule! C.!macula!densa!+!juxtaglomerular!cells! D.!afferent!artery!+!glomerulus! ! 4.!Which!of!the!following!favors!filtration?! A.!high!blood!pressure!in!glomerular!capillaries! B.!high!osmotic!pressure!in!glomerular!capillaries! C.!high!pressure!in!Bowman’s!capsule! ! 5.!Which!of!the!following!is!the!largest?! A.!total!blood!volume! ! B.!fluid!filtered!into!Bowman’s!capsule!each!day! C.!volume!of!urine!produced!each!day! D.!volume!reabsorbed!across!proximal!tubule!into!blood!each!day! ! 6.!Diabetes!leads!to!glucose!in!the!urine!because! A.!proximal!tubule!reabsorbs!less!glucose!than!normal.! B.!proximal!tubule!secretes!glucose!instead!of!reabsorbing!glucose.! C.!blood!glucose!concentrations!are!elevated,!and!proximal!tubule!cannot!reabsorb! all!the!filtered!glucose.! D.!blood!glucose!concentrations!are!elevated,!causing!damage!to!the!glomerular! capillary!membranes!and!leakage!of!glucose!and!extra!fluid!into!the!renal!tubules.! ! 7.!Filtration!occurs!in!the!___,!most!reabsorption!occurs!in!the!___,!and!urine!is! transported!from!the!kidney!to!the!bladder!in!the!___.! A.!proximal!tubule,!distal!tubule,!urethra! B.!glomerulus,!proximal!tubule,!ureter! C.!afferent!arteriole,!loop!of!Henle,!collecting!tubule! ! 8.!What!is!the!relationship!of!the!pressures!in!the!aorta,!glomerular!capillaries,! tissue!capillaries!and!vena!cava?! A.!Pvena!cava!>!Ptissue!caps!>!Pglomerular!caps!>!aorta! B.!Pglomerular!caps!>!Ptissue!caps!>!Paorta!>!Pvena!cava!

C.!Paorta!>!Pglomerular!caps!>!Ptissue!caps!>!vena!cava! ! 9.!Which!of!the!following!is!freely!filtered!in!the!glomerulus!into!Bowman’s!capsule! and!reabsorbed!entirely!in!proximal!tubule?! E.!glucose! A.!water! B.!sodium! C.!chloride! D.!urea! ! 10.!When!amino!acids!and!vitamins!are!reabsorbed!in!the!proximal!tubule,!these! substances!are!transported!into!the! A.!distal!tubule! ! B.!collecting!tubule! ! C.!glomerular!capillaries! D.!peritubular!capillaries! ! 11.!Glucose!reabsorption!occurs!in!the!____!by!_____.! A.!proximal!tubule,!cotransport! B.!distal!tubule,!passive!transport! C.!proximal!tubule,!osmosis! D.!distal!tubule,!active!transport! ! 12.!Osmotic!concentration!in!the!kidney!is!highest!in!the! A.!glomerulus!!!B.!proximal!tubule! C.!distal!tubule!!D.!medulla!near!loop!of!Henle! ! ! 13.!ADH!is!secreted!from!the!_____!into!the!____.! A.!anterior!pituitary!gland,!brain! B.!anterior!pituitary,!blood! C.!posterior!pituitary!gland,!blood! D.!posterior!pituitary!gland,!cerebrospinal!fluid!! ! 14.!ADH!cause!water!permeability!of!the!___!to!____!and!urine!production!to!___.! A.!proximal!tubule,!increase,!decrease! B.!distal!tubule,!decrease,!increase! C.!collecting!tubule,!increase,!decrease! ! 15.!Blocking!production!of!renin!in!juxtaglomerular!cells!might!cause!a!number!of! effects.!What!happens!to! A.!angiotensin!concentration!in!the!blood,!increase,!decrease!or!no!change?! B.!aldosterone!concentration!in!the!blood,!increase,!decrease!or!no!change?! C.!Na!transport!by!the!distal!tubule!and!collecting!ducts,!increase,!decrease!or!no! change?! D.!urine!production,!increase,!decrease!or!no!change?! ! 16.!For!the!following!molecules!or!hormones,!know!where!they!are!produced,!what! causes!their!release!or!conversion,!and!what!do!they!do!to!their!target!tissues?! Angiotensinogen!and!angiotensin,!aldosterone,!ADH,!insulin,!glucagon,!epinephrine!! ! 17.!Which!of!the!following!will!help!you!compensate!for!diarrhea!with!resulting!loss! of!excess!bicarbonate!(metabolic!acidosis)?! A.!Altered!breathing! ! ! ! ! B.!buffers!in!the!blood! ! C.!increased!acid!excretion!by!the!kidney! ! D.!all!of!the!above! !

18.!Which!of!the!following!will!help!you!compensate!for!lung!obstruction!with! resulting!buildup!of!CO2!and!acid!in!the!blood!(respiratory!acidosis)?! B.!buffers!in!the!blood! ! A.!Altered!breathing! ! ! ! ! C.!increased!base!excretion!by!the!kidney! ! D.!all!of!the!above! !...