Script anatomy Muscular system PDF

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Script about muscles (2nd colloquium)...

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by L.A.K. Sivu 1 / 79

Muscular system MM. CAPITIS - muscles of the head 1. Musculi masticatorii - masticatory muscles - derivatives of the 1st visceral arch 2. Musculi faciei - facial (mimetic) muscles - derivatives of the 2nd visceral arch Masticatory muscles - derivatives of the 1st visceral arch

Musculus M. temporalis

Origo Planum temporale, fascia temporalis

Insertio Proc. coronoideus mandibulae

M. masseter

Arcus zygomaticus

Tuberositas masseterica mandibulae Fovea pterygoidea mandibulae

M. pterygoideus lateralis

M. pterygoideus medialis

Facies infratemporalis alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis, lamina lateralis proc. pterygoidei Fossa pterygoidea ossis sphenoidalis

ART. TEMPOROMANDIBULARIS movements Elevation of the mandible: 1) m. temporalis 2) m. masseter, 3) m. pterygoideus medialis. Movement of the mandible downward: 1) m. mylohyoideus, 2) venter anterior m. digastrici, 3) m. geniohyoideus, 4) platysma, 5) weight of the mandible. Displacement of the mandible forward: 1) m. pterygoideus medialis, 2) m. pterygoideus lateralis. Displacement of the mandible backward: Posterior fibres of m. temporalis. Displacement of the mandible laterally: 1) m. pterygoideus medialis,

m. pterygoideus lateralis

Tuberositas pterygoidea mandibulae

Functio Elevation of the mandible; posterior fibres pull the mandible backward. Elevation of the mandible.

Contractions on both sides push the mandible forward; contractions on one side push the mandible laterally. Elevation of the mandible; contractions on both sides push the mandible forward; contractions on one side push the mandible laterally.

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Facial (mimetic) muscles - derivatives of the 2nd visceral arch

They have common signs: 1) muscles are derivatives of the 2nd visceral arch, 2) muscles are inserted into the skin of the face or the head, 3) their contractions cause displacement of the skin, which form folds and wrinkles, and it causes different facial expression, 4) muscles are arranged around the openings of the head (eye opening, nasal opening, mouth opening, ear opening), 5) their fibres are running circularily, semicircularily or radially, 6) muscles are not covered by fasciae, except m. buccinator, 7) muscles are innervated by one cranial nerve - n. facialis

by L.A.K. Sivu 4 / 79 Facial (mimetic) muscles could be divided into five groups: 1. muscles of the scalp, 2. muscles around the eye opening, 3. muscles of the nose opening, 4. muscles of the mouth opening, 5. muscles of the ear opening

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Mimetic muscles in the region of the mouth

Mimetic muscles of the ear opening M. auricularis anterior, m. auricularis superior, m. auricularis posterior

Fasciae capitis – fasciae of the head Fascia temporalis Lamina superficialis Lamina profunda Fascia masseterica Fascia parotidea Fascia buccopharyngeal raphe pterygomandibularis

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by L.A.K. Sivu 9 / 79 MM. COLLI – muscles of the neck 1. Muscles - derivatives of the 1st visceral arch; 2. Muscles - derivatives of the 2nd visceral arch; 3. Craniothoracal muscles; 4. Straight muscles of neck; 5. Lateral muscles of neck; 6. Deep muscles of neck; 7. Diaphragma

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Topography of the neck Trigonum colli anterius: basis mandibulae, m. sternocleidomastoideus midline Trigonum colli anterius is divided into: trigonum submandibulare, trigonum caroticum, trigonum omotracheale, trigonum submentale Trigonum submandibulare: basis mandibulae, venter anterior m. digastrici, venter posterior m. digastrici. Trigonum caroticum: venter posterior m. digastrici, venter superior m. omohyoidei, m. sternocleidomastoideus Trigonum omotracheale: venter superior m. omohyoidei, m. sternocleidomastoideus, midline Trigonum submentale: venter anterior m. digastrici os hyoideum midline Trigonum colli laterale: m. sternocleidomastoideus, m. trapezius, clavicula There is the smaller omoclavicular triangle – trigonum omoclaviculare: 

m. sternocleidomastoideus,



venter inferior m. omohyoidei,



clavicula

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Fascia cervicalis s. fascia colli – cervical fascia lamina superficialis Surrounds the neck from all sides and splits into two plates to form two separate sheaths for craniothoracal muscles – m. sternocleidomastoideus and m. trapezius. Superiorly the lamina attaches to the basis mandibulae, proc. mastoideus, linea nuchalis superior, protuberantia occipitalis externa. Inferiorly the lamina attaches to the incisura jugularis and clavicula (external surface), acromion, spina scapulae. Posteriorly the lamina gives off a sagittal sept, which joints with the lig. nuchae and spinal processes of the cervical vertebrae, and thus the posterior part of the neck has two separate sides. Anteriorly lamina is attached to the os hyoideum and above it splits into two plates: external plate is attached to the external surface of the base of the mandible, but the inner plate is attached to the internal surface of the base of the mandible. There is the space for gl. submandibularis between both plates. lamina pretrachealis It is only in the anterior region of the neck and it is trapezium-like shape. It makes a sheath for the straight muscles of the neck, except the m. geniohyoideus (lies above os hyoideum) Superiorly the lamina attaches to the os hyoideum. Inferiorly the lamina attaches to the incisura jugularis and clavicula (inner surface), Laterally the lamina extends to cover m. omohyoideus. Between lamina superficialis and lamina pretrachealis is a closed suprasternal space in the anterior part of the neck – spatium suprasternale (bordered by the os hyoideum above, and by upper part of the manubrium sterni and clavicula from below). lamina prevertebralis It is in the anterior part of the neck, covers the lateral and deep muscles of the neck. Superiorly the lamina attaches to the basis cranii externa. Inferiorly the lamina continues into thoracic cavity as a fascia endothoracica. spatium retropharyngeum spatium parapharyngeum

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1. M 2. M 3. M 4. D

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Caput obliquum M. adductor pollicis

M. palmaris brevis

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Review of movements in the joints

Art. sternoclavicularis

Elevation of the shoulder: 1) m. trapezius (upper fibers), 2) m. levator scapulae, 3) mm. rhomboidei. Depression of the shoulder: 1) m. subclavius, 2) m. pectoralis minor, 3) m. serratus anterior, 4) m. trapezius (lower fibers). Movement of the shoulder forward: 1) m. serratus anterior, 2) m. pectoralis minor, 3) m. pectoralis major. Movement of the shoulder backward: 1) m. trapezius, 2) mm. rhomboidei.

Art. humeri Flexio brachii: 1) m. deltoideus - pars clavicularis and pars acromialis, 2) m. pectoralis major - pars clavicularis, 3) m. coracobrachialis, 4) m. biceps brachii - caput breve. Extensio brachii: 1) m. deltoideus - pars spinalis and pars pars acromialis, 2) m. teres major, 3) m. teres minor, 4) m. latissimus dorsi, 5) m. triceps brachii - caput longum. Abductio brachii: 1) m. deltoideus - pars acromialis, 2) m. supraspinatus, 3) m. biceps brachii - caput longum. Adductio brachii: 1) m. deltoideus - pars clavicularis and pars spinalis, 2) m. pectoralis major, 3) m. subscapularis, 4) m. teres major, 5) m. coracobrachialis, 6) m. triceps brachii - caput longum, 7) m. latissimus dorsi.

by L.A.K. Sivu 35 / 79 Rotatio interna brachii: 1) m. deltoideus - pars clavicularis, 2) m. subscapularis, 3) m. teres major, 4) m. pectoralis major, 5) m. latissimus dorsi, 6) m. coracobrachialis. Rotatio externa brachii: 1) m. deltoideus - pars spinalis, 2) m. infraspinatus, 3) m. teres minor.

Art. cubiti Flexio antebrachii: 1) m. biceps brachii, 2) m. brachialis, 3) m. brachioradialis, 4) m. pronator teres. Extensio antebrachii: 1) m. triceps brachii, 2) m. anconeus.

Art. radioulnaris proximalis et distalis, art. humeroradialis Pronatio antebrachii: 1) m. pronator teres, 2) m. pronator quadratus. Supinatio antebrachii: 1) m. supinator, 2) m. biceps brachii, 3) m. brachioradialis.

Art. radiocarpalis Flexio manus: 1) m. flexor carpi radialis, 2) m. palmaris longus, 3) m. flexor carpi ulnaris, 4) m. flexor digitorum superficialis, 5) m. flexor digitorum profundus, 6) m. flexor pollicis longus.

by L.A.K. Sivu 36 / 79 Extensio manus: 1) m. extensor carpi radialis longus, 2) m. extensor carpi radialis brevis, 3) m. extensor carpi ulnaris, 4) m. extensor digitorum, 5) m. extensor pollicis longus.

Art. radiocarpalis Flexio manus: 1) m. flexor carpi radialis, 2) m. palmaris longus, 3) m. flexor carpi ulnaris, 4) m. flexor digitorum superficialis, 5) m. flexor digitorum profundus, 6) m. flexor pollicis longus. Extensio manus: 1) m. extensor carpi radialis longus, 2) m. extensor carpi radialis brevis, 3) m. extensor carpi ulnaris, 4) m. extensor digitorum, 5) m. extensor pollicis longus.

Art. metacarpophalangea pollicis Flexio phalangis proximalis pollicis: 1) m. flexor pollicis longus, 2) m. flexor pollicis brevis. Extensio phalangis proximalis pollicis: 1) m. extensor pollicis longus, 2) m. extensor pollicis brevis.

Artt. metacarpophalangeae (II - V fingers) Flexio phalangis proximalis: 1) m. flexor digitorum superficialis, 2) m. flexor digitorum profundus, 3) mm. lumbricales, 4) m. flexor digiti minimi brevis (V finger).

by L.A.K. Sivu 37 / 79 Extensio phalangis proximalis: 1) m. extensor digitorum, 2) m. extensor indicis (II finger), 3) m. extensor digiti minimi (V finger). Abductio digitorum: 1) mm. interossei dorsales, 2) m. abductor digiti minimi. Adductio digitorum: mm. interossei palmares.

Art. interphalangea pollicis Flexio phalangis distalis:

m. flexor pollicis longus.

Extensio phalangis distalis:

m. extensor pollicis longus.

Artt. interphalangeae proximales (II - V fingers) Flexio phalangis mediae: 1) m. flexor digitorum superficialis, 2) m. flexor digitorum profundus. Extensio phalangis mediae: 1) m. extensor digitorum, 2) m. extensor indicis, 3) m. extensor digiti minimi, 4) mm. lumbricales.

Artt. interphalangeae distales (II - V fingers) Flexio phalangis distalis:

m. flexor digitorum profundus.

Extensio phalangis distalis: 1) m. extensor digitorum, 2) m. extensor indicis, 3) m. extensor digiti minimi, 4) mm. lumbricales.

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Topography of the upper limb Fossa axillaris – axillary fossa (the axilla) Anterior wall: 1) m. pectoralis major, 2) m. pectoralis minor. Posterior wall: 1) m. latissimus dorsi, 2) m. teres major, 3) m. teres minor, 4) m. subscapularis, 5) m. triceps brachii - caput longum. Medial wall: m. serratus anterior Lateral wall: 1) m. coracobrachialis, 2) humerus. Upper aperture of the axilla: 

clavicula,



margo superior scapulae,



costa prima.

Lower aperture of the axilla: 

m. pectoralis major,



m. latissimus dorsi,



m. serratus anterior,



m. coracobrachialis.

In the posterior wall are two openings – trilaterum opening (foramen trilaterum) and quadrilateral opening (foramen quadrilaterum): 1) foramen trilaterum - borders: m. teres major, m. teres minor, m. triceps brachii - caput longum, 2) foramen quadrilaterum - borders: m. teres major, m. teres minor, m. triceps brachii - caput longum, humerus. Sulcus bicipitalis medialis - medial margin of the m. biceps brachii. Sulcus bicipitalis lateralis - lateral margin of the m. biceps brachii. Fossa cubitalis Medial border: m. pronator teres Latera border: m. brachioradialis Base: m. brachialis, tendon of the m. biceps brachii. Canalis carpi retinaculum musulorum flexorum (eminentia carpi ulnaris and eminentia carpi radialis) sulcus carpi Canalis ulnaris retinaculum musculorum flexorum (2 limbs) and eminentia carpi ulnaris

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FASCIAE MEMBRI SUPERIORIS – fasciae of the upper limb Fascia deltoidea Lamina superficialis Lamina profunda Fibrous sheath for m. deltoideus. Fascia brachii Septum intermusculare brachii mediale et lateralle Deep lamina. Fascia antebrachii Retinaculum musculorum flexorum Retinaculum musculorum extensorum Canalis carpi content: n. medianus, 9 tendons, 2 synovial sheaths. m. flexor digitorum superficialis (4 tendons), m. flexor digitorum profundus (4 tendons), m. flexor pollicis longus Canalis ulnaris content: n. ulnaris, a. ulnaris, 2 vv. ulnares. On the palmar side synovial sheaths surround: 1) tendon of m. flexor carpi radialis, 2) tendon of m. flexor pollicis longus, 3) tendons of mm. flexorum digitorum superficialis et profundus, 4) 3 tendons of mm. flexorum digitorum (II, III, IV fingers). Retinaculum musculorum extensorum It forms 6 osteofibrous canals for 6 synovial sheaths of tendons: 1st canal: 1) m. abductor pollicis longus, 2) m. extensor pollicis brevis, 2nd canal: 1) m. extensor carpi radialis longus, 2) m. extensor carpi radialis brevis, 3rd canal:

m. extensor pollicis longus,

4th canal: 1) m. extensor digitorum, 2) m. extensor indicis, 5th canal:

m. extensor digiti minimi,

6th canal:

m. extensor carpi ulnaris.

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Aponeurosis palmaris vagina fibrosa digitorum manus pars anularis vaginae fibrosae pars cruciformis vaginae fibrosae

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Review of movements in the joints

Art. coxae Flexio femoris: M. iliopsoas, M. rectus femoris, M. sartorius, M. tensor fasciae latae, M. pectineus, M. adductor brevis, M. adductor longus. Extensio femoris: M. gluteus maximus, M. semimembranosus, M. semitendinosus, M. biceps femoris (caput longum) Abductio femoris: M. gluteus maximus, M. gluteus medius, M. gluteus minimus, M. piriformis. Adductio femoris: M. pectineus, M. adductor magnus, M. adductor longus, M. adductor brevis, M. quadratus femoris, M. gracilis. Rotatio interna femoris: M. gluteus medius, M. gluteus minimus, M. adductor magnus.

by L.A.K. Sivu 54 / 79 Rotatio externa femoris: M. gluteus maximus, M. gluteus medius, M. gluteus minimus, M. obturator internus, M. obturator externus, M. gemellus superior, M. gemellus inferior, M. piriformis, M. quadratus femoris, M. iliopsoas, M. sartorius. M. pectineus, M. adductor brevis, M. adductor longus.

Art. genus Flexio cruris: M. sartorius, M. gracilis, M. semitendinosus, M. semimembranosus, M. biceps femoris, M. popliteus, M. gastrocnemius, M. plantaris. Extensio cruris: M. quadriceps femoris. Rotatio interna cruris: M. semimembranosus, M. semitendinosus, M. sartorius, M. gracilis, M. popliteus. Rotatio externa cruris: M. biceps femoris.

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Art. talocruralis Flexio pedis: M. triceps surae, M. plantaris, M. tibialis posterior, M. flexor digitorum longus, M. flexor hallucis longus, M. fibularis longus, M. fibularis brevis. Extensio pedis: M. tibialis anterior, M. extensor digitorum longus, M. extensor hallucis longus.

Art. subtalaris et art. talocalcaneonavicularis Supinatio et adductio pedis: M. tibialis anterior, M. tibialis posterior, M. extensor hallucis longus, M. flexor hallucis longus, M. triceps surae. Pronatio et abductio pedis: M. fibularis longus, M. fibularis brevis.

Artt. metatarsophalangeae (II, III, IV, V fingers) Flexio phalangis proximalis: M. flexor digitorum longus, M. flexor digitorum brevis, Mm. lumbricales, M. flexor digiti minimi brevis, M. abductor digiti minimi. Extensio phalangis proximalis: M. extensor digitorum longus, M. extensor digitorum brevis. Abductio digitorum: M. interossei dorsales, M. abductor digiti minimi.

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Art. metatarsophalangea hallucis Flexio hallucis: M. flexor hallucis longus, M. flexor hallucis brevis, M. adductor hallucis, M. abductor hallucis. Extensio hallucis: M. extensor hallucis longus, M. extensor hallucis brevis. Abductio hallucis: M. abductor hallucis. Adductio hallucis: M. adductor hallucis.

Art. interphalangea hallucis Flexio phalangis distalis hallucis: M. flexor hallucis longus. Extensio phalangis distalis hallucis: M. extensor hallucis longus, M. extensor hallucis brevis.

Artt. interphalangeae proximales (II - V fingers) Flexio phalangis mediae: M. flexor digitorum longus, M. flexor digitorum brevis. Extensio phalangis mediae: M. extensor digitorum longus, M. extensor digitorum brevis, Mm. lumbricales.

Artt. interphalangeae distales (II - V fingers) Flexio phalangis distalis: M. flexor digitorum longus. Extensio phalangis distalis: M. extensor digitorum longus, Mm. lumbricales.

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Topography of the lower limb Canalis obturatorius Lacuna vasorum content - a. et v. femoralis; anulus femoralis (medial corner), r. femoralis from n. genitofemoralis. Borders: lig. inguinale (superior – anterior), os pubis with pecten ossis pubis and lig. pectineale (inferior – posterior), lig. lacunare (medial), arcus iliopectineus (lateral). Lacuna musculorum contents - m. iliopsoas, n. femoralis and n. cutaneus femoris lateralis. Borders: lig. inguinale (superior – anterior), arcus iliopectineus (medial), ala ossis ilii (lateral – posterior). Canalis femoralis Anulus femoralis - canalis femoralis internal opening, located in lacuna vasorum medial corner. Bordered by: 1) anteriorly - lig. inguinale, 2) posteriorly - ramus superior ossis pubis, pecten ossis pubis covered by lig. pectineale, 3) medially - os pubis covered by lig. lacunare, 4) laterally - v. femoralis. Opening is covered by peritoneum, septum femorale (fascia transversalis part) and nodus lymphaticus inguinalis profundus. Walls of the canalis femoralis: 1) medial wall: m. pectineus with fascia pectinea, 2) lateral wall: v. femoralis, 3) anterior wall: cornu superius (fascia lata formation). Hiatus saphenus - canalis femoralis external opening, located 2 - 4 cm below lig. inguinale. Opening is covered by fascia cribrosa. Opening is bordered by margo falciformis two parts - cornu superius and cornu inferius. Behind fascia cribrosa runs v. femoralis and it receives tributary v. saphena magna.

Trigonum femorale Superior border: lig. i...